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HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY,
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MISSOURI.
AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF USEFUL INFORMATION, AND A COMPENDIUM
OF ACTUAL FACTS.
IT CONTAINS
A CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI AND ITS CHIEF CITIES- ST. LOUIS, KANSAS CITY AND ST. JOSEPH ; A RELIABLE HISTORY OF LINN" COUNTY — ITS PIONEER RECORD, WAR HISTORY, RESOURCES, BIO- GRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT CITI- ZENS ; GENERAL AND LOCAL STATISTICS OF GREAT VALUE, AND A LARGE AMOUNT OF MISCELLA- NEOUS MATTER, INCIDENTS, ETC., ETC.
ILLUSTRATED.
KANSAS CITY, MO.:
BIRDSALL & DEAN
1882.
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PREFACE.
The purpose of the Publishers of this work is to present a concise history of Linn county, embracing its early origin and its steady rise and progress, from the wilderness to its present high state of civilization and cultivation. The chief uses of history are the lessons it teaches, and the every day occurrences of life should be garnished and cherished for future ages. The institutions of a people form a basis from which spring all their characteristics, and the progress and development of Linn county is a fair index of the character of her people, and the basis upon which their culture, refinement, social life, and energy must be taken or gauged. This histoiy, then, is but a reflex of the past local life of Linn county. It has been collected from official sources, from files of newspapers and from individuals, and to this last, the living members of the old band of Pioneers, who opened the wilderness to Christianity and civilization, is the writer deeply beholden, and would tender his sincere thanks to their un- wearied interest taken in the work, and to the great mass of useful information which they have so freely contributed. They have hewn and carved out a Grand Temple of Civilization, founded upon an enduring base, and the present and future generations must add to the structure, and see to it that its present grandeur shall not be dimmed. And by these channels of information, after months of exhaustive work, the History of Linn County becomes an accomplished fact. Intelligent readers may judge how this labor has been performed, and make such allowances for errors in names and dates as may be found herein. Perfection of man is not of this world; therefore, to say that this work approached that higher degree of excellence would savor too much of vanity; but let us say that an honest endeavor has been made to make the History of Linn County a compendium of acknowledged facts, a useful book of reference, and worth, in all respects, the careful perusal, if not approval, of the reader.
Beside the band of "Old Pioneers," the Bartons, Southerlands, Younts, Flournoys, Esleys and others, to whom the author is indebted for much kindess and assistance in the collection of facts and incidents, which go to make up this volume, and who have contributed so freely and cheerfully to our request for history of the past, must be added, the press of Linn county. Judge Carlos Boardman, B. A. Jones, Judge John M. Pratt, F. W. Powers, Major A. W. MuUins, Thomas H. Flood, J. G. Morrison, George N. Elliott, to whom our thanks are especially due for their efficient aid hereby acknowledged.
Having, so far as it was in our power, accomplished the work to which our time and labor have been given the past six months, in the hope that this volume may meet with a cordial welcome, and, if found worthy, a generous approval, the same is respectfully submitted.
THE PUBLISHERS.
CONTENTS.
HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
FA8E.
CHAPTER I.
Louisiana Pubchase.— Brief Historical Sketch...9-12
CHAPTER II.
Descbipxive and Geographical.- Name — Ex- tent — Surface — Rivers — Timber — ( Uimate — Prairies— Soil— Population by Counties 13-18
CHAPTER III.
Geology of Mis=odri. — Classification of Rocks — Quaternary Formations —Tertiary — Cretace- ous — Carboniferous — IJevonian — Silurian — Azoic — Economic Geology — Coal — Iron — Lead — Copper — Zinc — Buildiug Stone— Marble — Gypsum — Lime — Clay— Paints — Springs — Water Power 18-23
CHAPTER IV.
Title and Early Settlements. — Title to Mis- souri Lauds— Rights of Discovery— Title of France aod Spain--Cession to the United States — Territ jrial Changes — Treaties with In- dians--First SettlemeLt — Ste. Genevieve and New Bourbon — St. Louis — When Incorpora- ted— Potosi — St. Charles — Portage des Sioux — New Madrid— St. Francois County — Perry — Mississippi— Loutre Island — " Boon's Lick" — Cote bans Dessien — Howard Couuty — Some First Tilings— Counties— When Organized. . .23-26
CHAPTER V.
Tebbitobial Organization. --Organization, 1812 — Council— House of Representatives— Wil- liam Clark, first Territorial Governor— Edward Hempstead, First Delegate — Spanish Grants — First General Assembly — Proceedings — Second Assembly — Proceedings— Population of Ter- ritory— Vote of Territory --Rulus Easton- Absent Members — Third Assembly — Proceed- ings— Application for Admission 28-31
CHAPTER VL
Admitted to the Union.— Application of Mis- souri to be Admitted into the Union — Agita- tion of the Slavery Question — "Missouri Com- promise"— Constitutional Convention of 1820 — Constitution Presented to Congress — Fur- ther Resistance to Admission- Mr. Clay and his Committee Make Report — Second Compro- mise— Missouri Admitted 31-34
CHAPTER VII.
Missouri as a State. — First Election of Governor and Other State OfiBcers— Senators and Repre- sentatives to General Assembly--Shewfl8 and Coroners — U. S. SenatorS'-i-Jepreseutatives in Congress — Supreme Court Judges — Counties Organized— Capital Moved to St. Charles — Official Record of Territorial and State Offi- cers .35-38
CHAPTER VIII.
Civil War in Missouri. — Fort Sumter Fired Upon — Call for 75,000 Men — Governor Jackson Refuses to Furnish a Man— U. S. Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, Seized — Proclamation of Governor Jacksou— General Order No. 7 — Legitlature Convenes— Camp Jackson Organ-
PAGE.
ized— Sterlins Price Appointed Major-general — Frost's Letter to Lyon— Lyon's Letter to Frost — Surrender of Camp Jackson — Procla- mation of General Harney — Conference Be- tween Price and Harney— Harney Superseded by Lyon — Second Conference — Governor Jack- son Burns the Bridges Behind him — Procla- mation of Governor Jackson — General Blair Takes Possession of Jefi'erson City — Procla- mation of Lyon — Lyon at Springfield- State Offices Declared Vacant — General I'remont Assumes Command — Proclamation of Lieu- tenant-governor Reynolds— Proclamation of Jefferson Thompson and Governor Jackson — Death of General Lyon — Succeeded by Stur- gis — Proclamation of Mcfullough and Gamble — Martial Law Declared — SecouU Proclamation of Jeff. Thompson — The Pn sident Wodihes Fremont's Order — Fremont Relieved by Hun- ter-Proclamation of Price— Huuttr's Order of Assessment— Hunter Declares Martial Law — Ord»r Relating to Newspapers— HaUeck Suc- ceeds Hunter— Halleck's Order No. 81— Simi- lar Order by Jla.Ueck— Boone Count i/ Stand- ard Confiscated- Execution of I risouers at Macon and Palmyra — General Ewing's Order No. 11 — General Rosecrans takes Command — Massacre at Centralia — Death of Bill Anderson — General Dodge Succeeds General Rosecrans —List of Battles 39-46
CHAPTER IX.
Early Military Record. — Black Hawk War- Mormon Difficulties -Florida War —Mexican
War 47-50
CHAPTER X.
Agricultural and Material Wealth. — Mis- souri as an Agricultural State — The Different Crops-- Live Stock -- Horses— Mules — Milch Cows- Oxen and Other Cattle— Sheep— Hogs— Comparisons— Missouri Adapted to Live Stock — Cotton — Broom-corn and other Products — Fruits —Barries — Grapes --Railroads —First Neigh of the "Iron Horse" In Missouri- Names of Railroads — Manufactures — Great
Bridge at St. Louis 50-54
CHAPTER XL
Education. — Public School System of Missouri — Lincoln Institute— Officers of i'ublic School System— Certificates of Teachers— University of Missouri— Schools— Colleges— lusti.utious of Learning — Loc:ition--Libi'arifS--Newspa- pers and Periodicals— Number of ^■chool Chil- dren—Amount Expen ed— Value of Grounds and Buildings- '■ Tne Press '' 55-61
CHAPTER XII. Religious Denominations.— Baptist Church— Its History-- Congregational — When Founded— Its History— uhristian Church— Its History- Cumberland Presbyterian Church— Its History —Methodist Episcopal Church— Its History- Presbyterian Church— Its History- Protestant Episcopal Church— Its History— United Pres- byterian Church— Its History — Unitarian Church— Its History— Roman Catholic Church Its History 62-65
CONTENTS.
HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS.
St. LoOTs.-First Settlement -Arrival of the First Steumboat-Uemoval of the Capital to Jeffer- son iMiy—Wheu Incorporated— Populaiiim by Decades— First Lighted by Gas— Death of one
of Her Founders, Pierre Chouteau— Ceme- teries-Financial Crash — Bondholders and Coupou-clippors— Value of llcaJ and Personal Property— Manufacturers - Criticism 66-76
HISTORY OF KANSAS CITY.
Kansas Citt, Missoxjei.— A Sketch— The New Life— Its First Settlement— Steamboat Events from 1840 to 184C— Mexican War— Santa Fe Trade — Knilroads— Commercial Advancement —Stock Market- Pork-packing— Elevators and
Grain Receipts— Coal Receipts— BulldingB— Railroad Changes — Banks — Newspapers — Churches— Secret Societies -Public Schools— Manufacturing Center— Ilcr Poaition and Trade— Assessed Valuation— Close 77-lUi
HISTORY OF ST. JOSEPH.
St. Joseph, Missoubi. --Early Settlements— The First Settlement at Blackstoue Hills -Robi- doux— Biographical Sketch- At the Bhiflfs— Then at Roy's branch and Blacksnake Hills—
1834-183(J— Robidoux's Home— Employes - Ser- vant— Ferry-From 1837 to 18J0— Rival Towns -Wolves 103-lJft
LAWS OF 3IISS0URI.
Homestead Exemptiow Law.— Husband not Lia- ble—Rights of 3Iarried Women — Hedges Trimmed — Changing School house Sites- Marriage License- Purchasing Books by Sub-
ecription— Forms of Deeds, Leases and Mort- gftfies— Notes — Orders— Receipts — Valuable Rules- Weights and Measures 129-141
STATISTICS.
POPCLATION OF THE UNITED STATES.— By RSCeS —
Increase— Miles of llai'.road in United States — Telegraph Lines and Wires-Cotton Crop-
Coal Fields— Cereal Production— Presidential Vote from 1789 to 1H80 -Dates of Presidents' ^*''*"8 142M5
HISTORY OF LINN COUNTY
CHAPTER I. pj^oE. When the White Man Came the Red Man LEFT-Retrospect-Tbe Home of the On- pressed -Linn County - Bright Jewel-The Indian s Departure -Game -The Dawn of civ- ilization -Early Settlers -1820 to 1H30-Indiau Mischief Indian •fowu-Ula.'k Hawk War— I he Pendletous - Death of William- William Bowyer as a Hunter-Locust Creek Country, th* Happy Hunting-grounds of the Indians- Went to Mill, etc 149-158
CHAPTER II. When the Wilderness Commenced to Blos- som Like thk HosE-1837-Influx of Settlers —Their Homes and Trials-'f lie First Mill - Schools -Churches, Preachers Teachers, and Physicians- trading Point- Prices of Goods — Barter and Sale- Country Produce- -Game Honey, etc-Scale of Prices— Lifo and Inci- dents-Splitting Rails-Wurk of Progress- Looking Back — The Past and the Pres-
^■^^ 158-lf.5
CHAPTER III. From Peace to War's Alarms- 1840 to 1850 Names of Pioneers^ Schools-Death of Lewis F. Liun-M^xlcau War-Tne Call for Troops
-Linn County in the War— Company H List of Names -The Close of the War-What the Wild Sea Waves Divulged on California's Golden Shore-The Grand Rush -Gold and bilver LyiuK Around Loose- The Hopes of the Living, Despair oi the Dying, and the Bones of the Dead— Linn County Contributes her Q»°*» 166-174
CHAPTER IV. PAGE. Upward AND Onward in Material Progress- Rapid Progre8s-1840 to 1860 Compared— In- crea>?e ot Property and the Increase of the Tax Levy-The Sei-back by the Civil War -Shak- ing for a New Deal at the Close of the War- On the up Grade- Repairing Broken Fortunes and Adding to New Oues— 186Sto 1870- (Jriran- izing the Shattered Remains- A Toruado~A Matter of a Few Thousand Dollars on the De- linquent List-.Vew Road Law and How it Worked-, inn County Fair- Its Constitution and List of Officeis -Busted- Rodents and Bounty -Money iv.r the Small Boy-Meteoric - Murder of WHllie McKiulev- Coroner's Ver- dict- Petition for Pardon- Governor Critten- den 8 Refusal— His Keasous in Full 175 185.
CHAPTER V. Ofkicial History of Linn County- What it Was, Is, and now Expected to he— When or- ganized- Act of Incorporation- -Comniission- ers— Metes and Bounds— Chau^e of Boundary r"\".~"t""''' f'^^'iuty Court-Time and Place of Meeting— Dividing the County into Town- ships-The First Tax Levy-Location of the County S-at-Deed of John Holland and Wife -■r«amed after Dr. Linn, U. S. senator-First Sale of Lots l>y John D. Grint, Commission- er—First Couri-hoiise -First Ferry License — Benton Township Organized-Election,
^'^ 185-194
CHAPTER VI. Elections the Glory of Free Institutions- rhe First Election — The Result— Duncan
CONTENTS.
Township . . First Defalcation . . Liberty Town- ship. .First Money Borrowed by the L'ounty. . Town Lot Fund.. Bridges .. Pleasant Hill Township. .Defalcation of J. W. Minnie Set- tled in Full. .Couutv Treasurer Makes a Final Settlement and all O. K..The Year 1842 Ran Behind . . Highland County . . Its Organization as to Metes and Bounds, but still under Linn County's Municipal Control. .Minor Sale of LinneuB Town Lots, 1844.. A Transfiguration . .The Reorganization of Linn County in 1845, After Sullivan Was Taken off. .Townships and Their Metes and Bounds 194-205
CHAPTER VII.
Intended as a Temple of Justice, The New Court-house. .That Miserable Structure, the "Log" Court-house.. Pride Takes Advance Steps.. $4, 000 to Assert the New Dignity As- sumed by the People. .Order for the Building of a New Temple of Justice.. Bridges .. Re- ceipts and Expenditures Change of Court- house Superintendents, .First Public Admin- istrator. .Town and County. .Court-house Fin- ished, October 111, 1848. .Good showing. .Pay- ing Back Borrowed Money, and the Interest Exceeds the Principal . Railroad Fever .. Dona- tion of $200 for the H. & !-. J. Survey. .The First Primary. .The New Jail. .Another Do- nation to the"H. & S. J., .§500, and Right of Way Granted, Subscription, Etc .. Several Items.. Baker Township .. EnterisTise Town- ship..1858 and 1860 205-215
CHAPTER VIII.
Chaos Began and Light Dawned.. .The Opening of theFratricidMl Strife. .Action of the county Court. .Taxation and Collection. .Delinquent List.s.. ^everal Important Items.. A Cupola for the Court-house and Five Dollars a Day for the County Court Judges. .Clay Township . .Buckliu District and Township. .A Variety of Information. .The Location, Plans, and Building of the New Jail . .Cost, $8,680.26 . . Ag- ricultural Association . .The Clarkson Defalca- tion . .Items. .Financial. .Township Bond In- debtedness. .Offer of compromise. .Address to the I'eople by the COMimittee. How it Stands January 1, 1882.. The Tax Levy and Cost and Collection for a Series of Years.. Linn County Bonded Debt 216-236
CHAPTER IX.
Soil., Climate, Ageicoltural and Mineral Re- sources OF Linn Countx — Introductory- Central Position — Topography— Streams — Cli- mate— Soil and Productions — Coal- Stone — Fruit-growini: — Variety — Berries, Kinds, Etc. — Statistics — Leading Crops — Corn. Oats, To- bacco, and Wheat— The Crops of 1879— Assess- ment of 1879, 1880, and 1881— Number of Horses, Mules, Hogs, Cattle, and Sheep for Above Years— The Leading Breeds of Stock — Their Choice — Summary 237-254
CHAPTER X. Those Who Held Office and Seouked The Emoluments . . County Judges, Sheriffs, Clerks, Treasurers, etc. .. Senatorial and Con- gressional Districts. .Senators and Represen- tatives. .Present Congressman and the Vote — Judicial Circuit— Judacs and Attorneys.. The Full List of Patriots Who Served the People, for the Honors and Salaries Attached . . History of the Probate Court 254-270
CHAPTER XI.
State and County's Educational Facilities. . .Educational. .School Law and Spction 7103 . Consolidation of State School Funds.. Why Education Should be Universal. .Linn Coun- ty's First Move Sales of the Sixteenth Sec- tions..School Funds.. Organized into School Districts.. The Funds of Each.. State Fund from 1850 to 1860 . .Township Fund Distributed from 1854 to 1863 . . The Effects of the Civil War
. . After the Deluge . . New Organization of the School Districts, 1866.. School and Swamp Lands .. Enumeration .. Town Apportionment . .The Hannibal & St. Joe and Other Railroads . . School Taxes . . School History in Detail from 1875 to 1881. .State School Fund. .Closing Re- marks 270-290
CHAPTER Xli. The Iron Horse, and What it Cost Linn County... Opening Chorus.. The Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Company. .Donatiors Subscription of $25,000, and its Forfeiture. . 69,470 Acres of Linn County Land Given to the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad. .About What the Road Cost to Linn County. The Missouri Central, The North Missouri Central and Sev- eral Other Changes of Name too Numerous to Mention.. Taxation and Assessed Valuation.. Subscription to the Central Missouri Branch of the Iowa & St. Joseph Railroad.. The His- tory of This Branch, Bonds Voted, etc., from Alpha to Omega ...291-303
CHAPTER XIII.
Ageicultrual Unity and Political Amalga- ]MATioN..The Grange.. Object and Aims.. The First Organization.. Ripid Progress .Names and Number of Graugtsin the C<iunty. .Organ- ization County Grange .. Constitution ..The End.. The First Election. .Campaign of 1810. . Songs .. Presidential Election 1844.. 51-40 or Phight..run and Free M'hisky. Whigs and Democrats, Local Fights. .Linn County Derxi- ocratic up to the Drake Constitution. . Also Af- ter Its Repeal.. Close Figures. .Vote, County. State, and Congressional .. County Oflacials 1882 303-318
CHAPTER XIV.
Statement of Facts op Public Interest .. Poor-farm ..Its Cost.. Lease and Family of Lease.. Sold, Purchased, and Traded.. Some Interesting Facts.. Swamp Lands, When Se- lected. Cost of First Sale and Survey.. 23,- 759.99 Acres . . By Townships . . What it Brought ..The Closing Sale.. Removal of County Seat a Failure.. A Suit for Damages by Linueus against Brookfield Sugiiested . . Vote of 1870 ' and that of 1880 . . No Hope for Brookfield . . A $75,000 Court-house .. Population of Linn County.. Per cent of Gain 318-329
CHAPTER XV,
War and Peace.. The Heroes of 1812 .. Their Names and Record . . The First Deed of Record A Second Deed. .The First WiU. .The First Administrative Notice . . A Record of Forty Years . . Events as They Happened from Year to Year . .A Chapter for Reference, and a Key to the Contents of the General History of the Work . . Distances, etc 303-400
CHAPTER XVI.
Linn County in the Civil War. . After the Pres- idential Election of 1860. .Election of Delegates to the State Convention . . Up to Fort Sumter . .After Fort Sumter. .First Federal Troops in the County. .Capture of Slack's Cannon. .The First Confederate 1 roops . . Other Military Op- erations of 1861 . . Leading Events of 1862 . . The Hand of War is Felt, and it is Hard and Heavj- . . Organization of the Enrolled Missouri Mili- tia . . Leading Events of 1863 . Holtzclaw's Guerrillas Leading Events of 1864. .A Bounty Offered.. Skirmishes in Jackson Township.. The Beginning of the End.. Just Before the Collapse . . The End Comes . . Peace . . Linn County's Soldiers la the Civil War. .The Blue and the Gray . . Comi)any F, First Cavalry Mis- souri State Jlilitia . . Federal or Union Soldiers' Record. .Confederate Soldiers' Record ...341-384 CHAPTER XVII.
Locust Creek Township . .Topography. .Early Settlers. .Births, Marriages, and Deaths. .Min-
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Inters .. SchoolR . Pbysiciaus. .SpluuiuK and Weaving. . Karly Iiicideute. . Kouudary Muea. . Organization uutier tlip New Towusliiii Law. . TowiiHhip Dttii-ers . . Some IncideutH of the Civil War. .Death of JudKe Siuiili aud William Peudletou. . Huids of BiiBhwhackers aud Ex- curxious of the " Truly Loil " .Uppositiou to Railroad Tax . . Meetiugs . .Nichols Tragedy, aud Other Casualties. .Churches, etc 384-402
CHAPTER XVIII,
CiTT OF LiNNEUS. . lucorporatiou . .Its Founder. . Some Ueiuiulsceuses of Early Times. Wolves Make Music that Lulls the Early Settler to Sleep. A Woman's Strength aud Devotion. The First Settler of Liuueus a Colored Woman . . Aunt Dinah's Experience.. Metes aud Bounds . The First Frame House. The First Native Born.. Churches and Schools .First Merchants . .Senator Benton's Visit. Lynching of "Ten- nessee Tom " . . The First Railroad Train . . Ac- cideuts aud Crimes. .Business Houses. ,Vif it of General Weaver . . Lodges, Societies, Churches, and City OfHcers. . Biographies. .402-482
CHAPTER XIX.
Bbookfikld Township. .Topography. .Metes and Bounds. .Its Huuuiug Streams aud Orowth of Timber. .Coal Beds. .Early Days. Pioneer His- tory and Incidents ol Note. Who Settled it and Where They Came From Originally. .Part of Yellow Creek and Locust Creek, aud Wholly of Jefferson Since 1845.. A Votiug Precinct Junes, l«Ct5 .Organized as Brooktield Town- ship July 2, IStiti. .Township Officers Under the New Organization Law of 1872 aud of 1880 . . Population . . Assessor's Valuation . . Inci- dents, Accidents, aud Crimes 482-486
CHAPTER XX.
CiTX OF Brookpield . . Its Location . . The Scatters . .The Usual Remarks About Game, etc. .Who Gave it a Local Habitation and a Name.. Boarding Shanties ana Sevt-ral Ottier Tilings . .Laid Out and How it Grew aud Prospered. . In 18G1 Had Grown to About Fifteen douses and Some Other liuildiugs. The First Child Bo n and What Followed. .Deaths aud Burials ..Father Hogan.The First School. .Brook- field in the Civil War. .Some Facts aud Some Humors Upon Which Facts Were Based . . Broolifleld Survived. .Small-pox Scare. .Trage- dies Growing out of the Great Strife.. The New Era and the Past to be Buried in Oblivion . .Churches, Schools, Societies, etc 487-498
CHAPTER XXI.
After the Great Civil War : The White Winged Angel Spreads her Mantle of Peace. .New Life and a General Upward aud Ouward Tendency ..Incorporation .First Board of Trustees.. The First Newspaper. . Prairie Fires.. Brass Band imd a Base Ball Club, Which Shows an Advunceil State of Civilization, Combining With Culture and Refinement. .Some More Accidents, and how the vote stood for Grant and the "Smiler". .Education. .The Measles, Coal, and a New .Addition. .Items of Interest, Incluuing the Park, Riiilroad Subscription, Engine-house and C'ity Hall, and the Great Fire of 1872. .Numerous Incidents, Accidents, and a Closing of the Cl';y History. .Biogra- phies 499-568
CHAPTER XXII.
Jefferson Township. .Soil, Timber, Streams, and Undulating Prairie. .Building Stone, Pot- ter's and Brick Clay . . Her Rise and Progress . . A Genuine Snake Story. .Old Settlers. . What They Wear and How They Live. .The Youug Folk*' Sunday Nights. .Growth. .Two Pre- cincts aud a Division.. Population and its As- sessed Valuation .Crimes and Causalities.. Garfield Memorial Service. .Township Orgaui- z'ltlou.. Officers, etc 669-582
CHAPTER XXIII.
City OF Laclede. .Its Location. .The Beauty of Its Surroundings. .When Laid Out and by Whom Advance I'rogress. .Items of Interest Taking a Rent . . The Effects of the Civil War . Incorporation.. Metes and Bouuds. Indian Visits. City of the Fourth Class. Ward Boundaries.. Mayor and Aldermen. .Out of Debt. .County-seat Vote. Business Houses.. Church and Civic Societies. The Full History of Holtzclaw's Raid Id 1864. Blograpliles. .682-C3S
CHAPTER XXIV.
Town AND Township of Bccklin .When Set- tled and by Whom. Soil and its Fertility.. Material Progress . . Valuation . . Indian Hunt- ers.. Early Incidents of Life, Marriages, Deaths, etc. The First School District Organ- ized, .some Incidents in Justices' Courts.. Other Settlements aud their Early History. .A Singular Mistake. .Steam Whistle vs. Panther . .Railroad Rumpus. .Some More of Civil War Incidents. .When Township was Organized aud BuckUn Town Incorporated. .Schools and Churches. .Accidents aud Crimes .. Tornado, September, 1876. .Population of Bucklin.. Schools, Churches, and Societies. .Its Busi- ness Interests . . Biographies 633-669
CHAPTER XXV.
Yellow Creek Township. .When Settled.. Its Metes aud Bounds. .Topogiaphy. .Land and Money. .Early Settlers and their Trials. .Hap- penings .. Agriculture. .War Items .. Dead Towns. .St. Kate, Its Past and Present. .Edu- cation and Religion. Death of W. H.Elliott, Founder of St. Catharine. .Lodges and Socie- ties.. Its Present and Business Future . . Acci- dents . . Biographies 669-694
CHAPTER XXVI.
Parsons Creek Township. .Metee and Bounds. . Topography. .Its Sandstone Rock .. Streams aud Timber. .When aud by Whom Settled.. Game. . What They Sold and Where They Sold it. .Progress, Accidents and Crimes. .Town- ship Organization aud its Oificers. .West Bal- timore. .Bottsville aud Mead ville. .When and by Whom Settled. .Melange. .Incorporation of Meadville. .Its First Officers. .Schools and Churches. .The Meadville Newspaper. .Busi- ness Houses. .Lodges and Societies. .Biogra- phies 694-739
CHAPTER XXVIL
Benton Township .Metes and Bounds. .Territory Curtailed . . Cereals, Stocks and Grapes . . Fruits and the Vineyard .Ooal, Stone, and Brick Clay.. Old Sei tiers .. The Fir.-t Store.. Schools, Churches and Graveyards. .Mar- riases. Births and Deaths. .Items of Interest. . Wolf Hunts and Election Yarns. .Railroad Subscription . . Accidents . . Valuation and Township Officers. .Browning. .When Incor- porated..The First House and Store.. The Town, its Rise and Progress. .Schools. .Socie- ties and Newspapers. Purdiu. . What it was and is . . Liberal Oflers . . Biographies 739-780
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Clay Township . . Description . . Location. .Area and Valuation for 1881. .Population. .Early Settlement .. Breaking Priiirie. .First Birth, Maniage, and Death. .Schools and Churches. . Hunting. .Early Times. .War Scenes. .Cyclone and Deatti .. Incidents aud Accidents. .Ever- sonviUe, Its Rise and Progress, Local Officers aud Business Interests. .Biographies 781-797
CHAPTER XXIX.
Enterprise Township .. Metes and Bounds.. Timber and Streams. .Area aud Valuation.. When Organized. .Growth of the Baby.. The Pioneers. .Who They Were and Where They
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Came From. .The Natural Course of Events . . Churches and Schools . . Ministers, Physi- cians, and Teachers. .Population. .Gain. . Vil- lage of Enterprise . . Its liuildings. .Cemetery . . Business . . Accidents and Incidents . . Biog- raphies 797-81)7
CHAPTER XXX.
Baker Township. .When Organized. .When Di- vided . . Population and Wealth . . Area, Streams, Woodlands, and Prairies .Settled and Settlers . The March of Events. .Christianity and Civ- ilization go Hand in Hand. .From IHOO to 1870 . .One Slave only. .The Champion Economical Man. .Township Offlcers. .New Boston, When, Where, and How it Grew and Prospered. . "Hell Square Acre". Current Events. . liusi- uess . . Biographies 808-8'20
CHAPTER }tXXI.
North Salem Townshit. .Pofitiou and Descrip- tion .. Early Settlements. ." The Firsts". .Old Time Politics. .During the War. .Miscellane- ous Incidents. Casualties and Crimes. .North Salem Village, its Settlement, etc. .Methodist Church. .Post-ollice in the Township. OfHcial History . .County Churches, Presbyterian and' United Brethren 820-827
CHAPTER XXXII.
Jackson Township. .Organization and Boundary Lmes . . Number of Acres and Square Miles .". Valuation of Real and Personal Property, 1881 . . The Lay of the Laud . . Half-tilled Farms and
PAGE.
Home Surroundings. .Stock-raising and To- bacco Culture. .When the Chinch-bugs got a Bite. .Who Settled it and When, But it Wasn't Dunbar. . Several Settlements . . Progress . . The Professions . . Schools and Churches . . Oemete- ries. .War Items. .Arnold's Death and Retalia- tion. .Incidents and Accidents. .Dead Towns. . Township Organization. .Township Officers. . Biographies 827-843
CHAPTER XXXIII
Grantsville Township. .The Last Organization . .Its Metes and Bounds .. Early Settlement.. Schools, Churches, and Cemeteries. .Timber and Streams .. Population and Valuation.. Square Miles and Acres . . Scenes and Incidents . . Grantsville Village . . Township Offlcers. . Business . . Biographies 843-865
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Early History of Linn County Bar.. Intro- ductory. .Ridirg the Circuit. .Early Resident Lawyers. . Additions to the Linn County Bar. . The Bar in 1860 and During the War. .At the Close of the War. .Some Recollections. .Early Brookfield Bar.. Lawyers at Other Towns.. Going Back to Brookfield and Linneus. . Younger Members of the Linn County Bar. . General Remarks 865-877
CHAPTER XXXV.
Addenda . . Locust Creek Township Biographies . .
Buckliu Township. .Brookfield Township. .878-883
PORTRAITS.
James Tooey 161
Abe Marks 195
R. J. Wheeler 229
J. Yount 263
Thos. Whitaker 297
John B. Wilcox 331
Spencer A. Willbarger 365
Geo. W. Stephens 399
E. D. Harvey 433
John Powers 467
J. Smith opposite 500
MAP OF JLiINM county;
Missoum.
i^.w
CHARITON
COUN'.''y
History of Missouri.
CHAPTER I. LOUISIANA PURCHASa
BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH.
The purchase of the vast territory, west of the Mississippi River, by the United States, extending through Oregon to the Pacific coast and south to the Dominions of Mexico, constitutes the most important event that ever occurred m the history of the nation.
It gave to our RepubHc, additional room /or that expansion and stupendous growth, to which it has since attained, in all that makes it strong and enduring, and forms the seat of an empire, from which will radiate an influence for good unequaled in the annals of time. In 1763, one hundred and eighteen years ago, the immense region of country, known at that time as Louisiana, was ceded to Spain by France. By a secret article, in the treaty of St. Ildefonso, concluded in 1800, Spain ceded it back to France. Napoleon, at that time, coveted the island of St. Domingo, not only because of the value of its products, but more especially because its location in the Gulf of Mexico would, in a military point of view, afford him a fine field, whence he could the more effectively guard his newly acquired possessions. Hence he desired this cession by Spain should be kept a profound secret until he succeeded in reducing St. Domingo to submission. In this under- taking, however, his hopes were blasted, and so great was his disappointment, that he apparently became indifferent to the advantages to be derived to France from his purchase of Louisiana.
In 1803 he sent out Laussat as prefect of the colony, who gave the people of Louisiana the first intimation that they had had, that they had once more become the subjects of France. This was the occasion of great rejoicing among the inhabi- tants, who were Frenchmen in their origin, habits, manners and customs.
Mr. Jefferson, then President of the United States, on being informed of the retrocession, immediately dispatched instructions to Robert Livingston, the American Minister at Paris, to make known to Napoleon that the occupancy of New Orleans, by his government, would not only endanger the friendly relations existing between the two nations, but, perhaps, oblige the United States to make common cause with England, his bitterest and most dreaded enemy ; as the possession of the city by France, would give her command of the Mississippi, which was the only outlet for the produce of the Western States, and give her also
10 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
control of the Gulf of Mexico, so necessary to the protection of American commerce. Mr. Jefferson was so fully impressed with the idea that the occupancy of New Orleans, by France, would bring about a conflict of interests between the two nations, which would finally culminate in an open rupture, that he urged Mr. Livingston, to not only insist upon the free navigation of the Mississippi, but to negotiate for the purchase of the city and the surrounding country.
The question of this negotiation was of so grave a character to the United States that the President appointed Mr. Monroe, with full power, to act in con- junction with Mr. Livingston. Ever equal to all emergencies, and prompt in the Cabinet, as well as in the field. Napoleon came to the conclusion that, as he could not well defend his occupancy of New Orleans, he would dispose of it, on the best terms possible. Before, however, taking final action in the matter, he summoned two of his Ministers, and addressed them as follows :
** I am fully sensible of the value of Louisiana, and it was my wish to repair the error of the French diplomatists who abandoned it in 1763. I have scarcely recovered it before I run the risk of losing it ; but if I am obliged to give it up, it shall hereafter cost more to those who force me to part with it, than to those to whom I shall yield it. The English have despoiled France of all her northern possessions in America, and now they covet those of the South. I am determined that they shall not have the Mississippi. Although Louisiana is but a trifle com- pared to their vast possessions in other parts of the globe, yet, judging from the vexation they have manifested on seeing it return to the power of France, I am certain that their first object wi be to gain possession of it. They will probably commence the war in that quarter. They have twenty vessels in the Gulf of Mexico, and our affairs in St. Domingo are daily getting worse since the death of LeClerc. The conquest of Louisiana might be easily made, and I have not a moment to lose in getting it out of their reach. I am not sure but that they have already begun an attack upon it. Such a measure would be in accordance with their habits ; and in their place I should not wait. I am inclined, in order to deprive them of all prospect of ever possessing it, to cede it to the United States. Indeed, I can hardly say that I cede it, for I do not yet possess it ; and if I wait but a short time my enemies may leave me nothing but an empty title to grant to the Republic I wish to conciliate. I consider the whole colony as lost, and I believe that in the hands of this rising power it will be more useful to the political and even commercial interests of France than if I should attempt to retain it. Let me have both your opinions on the subject."
One of his Ministers approved of the contemplated cession, but the other opposed it. The matter was long and earnestly discussed by them, before the conference was ended. The next day, Napoleon sent for the Minister, who had agreed with him, and said to him: "The season for deliberation is over. I have determined to renounce Louisiana. I shall give up not only New Orleans, but the whole colony, without reservation. That I do not undervalue Louisiana, I have sufficiently proved, as the object of my first treaty with Spain was to recover it. But though I regret parting with it, I am convinced it would be folly to persist in trying to keep it. I commission you, therefore,*to negotiate this affair with the envoys of the United States. Do not wait the arrival of Mr. Monroe, but go this very day and confer with Mr. Livingston. Remember, however, that I need ample funds for carrying on the war, and I do not wish to commence it by levying new taxes. For the last century France and Spain have incurred great expense in the improvement of Louisiana, for which her trade has never indemnified them. Large sums have been advanced to different companies, which have never been returned to the treasury. It is fair that I should require repayment for these. Were I to regulate my demands by the importance of this territory to the United States, they would be unbounded ; but, being obliged to part with it, I shall be moderate in my terms. Still, remember, I must have fifty millions of francs, and
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 11
I will not consent to take less. I would rather make some desperate effort to preserve this fine country."
That day the negotiations commenced. Mr. Monroe reached Paris on the 1 2th of April, and the two representatives of the United States, after holding a private interview, announced that they were ready to treat for the entire territory. On the 30th of April, 1803, eighteendaysafterward, the treaty was signed, and on the 2ist of October, of the same year, congress ratified the treaty. The United States were to pay $11,250,000, and her citizens to be compensated for some illegal cap- tures, to the amount of $3,750,000, making in the aggregate the sum of $15,000,- 000, while it was agreed that the vessels and merchandise of France and Spain should be admitted into all the ports of Louisiana free of duty for twelve years. Bonaparte stipulated in favor of Louisiana, that it should be, as soon as possible, incorporated into the Union, and that its inhabitants should enjoy the same rights, privileges and immunities as other citizens of the United States, and the clause giving to them these benefits, was drawn up by Bonaparte, who presented it to the plenipotentiaries with these words: "Make it known to the people of Louisiana, that we regret to part with them; that we have stipulated for all the advantages they could desire ; and that France, in giving them up, has insured to them the greatest of all. They could never have prospered under any European govern- ment as they will when they become independent. But while they enjoy the priv- ileges of Hberty let them remember that they are French, and preserve for their mother country that affection which a common origin inspires."
Complete satisfaction was given to both parties in the terms of the treaty. Mr. Livingston said : "I consider that from this day the United States takes rank with the first powers of Europe, and now she has entirely escaped from the power of England," and Bonaparte expressed a similar sentiment when he said: **By this cession of territory I have secured the power of the United States, and given to England a maritime rival, who, at some future time, will humble her pride." These were prophetic words, for within a few years afterward the British met with a signal defeat, on the plains of the very territory of which the great Corsican had been speaking.
From 1800, the date of the cession made by Spain, to 1803, when it was pur- chased by the United States, no change had been made by the French authorities in the jurisprudence of the Upper and Lower Louisiana, and during this period the Spanish laws remained in full force, as the laws of the entire province; a fact which is of interest to those who would understand the legal history and some of the present laws of Missouri.
On December 20th, 1803, Gens. Wilkinson and Claiborne, who were jointly commissioned to take possession of the territory for the United States, arrived in the city of New Orleans at the head of the American forces. Laussat, who had taken possession but twenty days previously as the prefect of the colony, gave up his command, and the star-spangled banner supplanted the tri-colored flag of France. The agent of France, to take possession of Upper Louisiana from the Spanish authorities, was Amos Stoddard, captain of artillery in the United States service. He was placed in possession of St. Louis on the 9th of March, 1804, by Charles Dehault Delassus, the Spanish commandant, and on the following day he transferred it to the United States. The authority of the United States in Mis- souri dates from this day.
From that moment the interests of the people of the Mississippi Valley be- came identified. They were troubled no more with the uncertainties of free navi- gation. The great river, along whose banks they had planted their towns and vil- lages, now afforded them a safe and easy outlet to the markets of the world. Un- der the protecting aegis of a government. Republican in form, and having free access to an almost boundless domain, embracing in its broad area the diversified climates of the globe, and possessing a soil unsurpassed for fertility, beauty of
12 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
scenery and wealth of minerals, they had every incentive to push on their enter prises and build up the land wherein their lot had been cast.
In the purchase of Louisiana, it was known that a great empire had been se- cured as a heritage to the people of our country, for all time to come, but of its grandeur, its possibilities, its inexhaustible resources and the important relations it would sustain to the nation and the world were never dreamed of by even Mr. Jefferson and his adroit and accomplished diplomatists.
The most ardent imagination never conceived of the progress, which would mark the history of the "Great West." The adventurous pioneer, who fifty years ago pitched his tent upon its broad prairies, or threaded the dark laby- rinths of its lonely forests, little thought, that a mighty tide of physical and in- tellectual strength, would so rapidly flow on in his footsteps, to populate, build up and enrich the domain which he had conquered.
Year after year, civilization has advanced further and further, until at length the mountains, the plains, the hills and the valleys, and even the rocks and the caverns, resound with the noise and din of busy millions.
'* I beheld the westward marches Of the unknown crowded Nations. All the land was full of people. Restless, struggling, toiling, striving, Speaking many tongues, yet feeling But one heart-beat in their bosoms. In the woodlands rang their axes. Smoked their towns in all the valleys J Over all the lakes and rivers Rushed their great canoes of thunder."
In 1804, Congress, by an act, passed in April of the same year, divided Louisiana into two parts, the "Territory of Orleans," and the "District ol Louisiana," known as "Upper Louisiana." This district, included all that por- tion of the old province, north of "Hope Encampment," on the Lower Missis- sippi, and embraced the present State of Missouri, and all the western region of country to the Pacific Ocean, and all below the forty-ninth degree of north lati- tude not claimed by Spain.
As a matter of convenience, on March 26th, 1804, Missouri was placed within the jurisdiction of the government of the Territory of Indiana, and its government put in motion, by Gen. William H. Harrison, then governor of Indiana. In this, he was assisted by Judges Griffin, Vanderberg and Davis, who established in St. Louis, what were called. Courts of Common Pleas. The District of Louisiana, was regularly organized into the Territory of Louisiana by Congress, March 3d, 1805, and President Jefferson, appointed Gen. James Wilkinson, Governor, and Frederick Bates, Secretary. The Legislature of the Territory, was formed by Governor Wilkinson and Judges R. J. Meigs, and John B. C. Lucas. In 1807, Governor Wilkinson was succeeded by Captain Meri- wether Lewis, who had become famous by reason of his having made the expe- dition with Clark. Governor Lewis committed suicide in 1809 and President Madison, appointed Gen. Benjamin Howard, of Lexington, Kentucky, to fill his place. Gen. Howard resigned October 25, 18 10, to enter the war of 1812, and died in St. Louis, in 1814. Captain William Clark, of Lewis and Clark's expedition, was appointed Governor in 1810, to succeed Gen. Howard, and remained in office, until the admission of the State into the Union.
The portions of Missouri, which were settled, for the purposes of local government were divided into four districts. Cape Girardeau was the first, and embraced the territory, between Tywappity Bottom and Apple Creek. Ste. Genevieve, the second, embraced the territory from Apple Creek to the Meramec
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 13
River. St. Louis, the third, embraced the territory between the Meramec and Missouri Rivers. St. Charles, the fourth, included the settled territory, between the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. The total population of these districts at that time, was 8,670, including slaves. The population of the district of Louis- iana, when ceded to the United States was 10,120.
CHAPTER IT.
DESCRIPTIVE AND GEOGRAPHICAL.
Name — Extent — Surface — Rivers — Timber — Climate — Prairies — Soils — Population by Counties.
NAME.
The name Missouri, is derived from the Indian tongue and signifies muddy.
EXTENT.
Missouri is bounded on the north by Iowa (from which it is separated for about thirty miles on the northeast, by the Des Moines River), and on the east by the Mississippi River, which divides it from Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee, and on the west by the Indian Territory, and by the states of Kansas and Nebraska. The state lies (with the exception of a small projection between the St. Francis and the Mississippi Rivers, which extends to 36°), between 36° 30' and 40° 36' north latitude, and between 12° 2' and 18° 51' west longitude from Washington.
The extreme width of the state east and west, is about 348 miles ; its width on its northern boundary, measured from its northeast corner along the Iowa line, to its intersection with the Des Moines River, is about 210 miles ; its width on its southern boundary is about 288 miles. Its average width is about 235 miles.
The length of the state north and south, not including the narrow strip between the St. Francis and Mississippi Rivers, is about 282 miles. It is about 450 miles from its extreme northwest corner to its southeast corner, and from the northeast corner to the southwest corner, it is about 230 miles. These limits embrace an area of 65,350 square miles, or 41,824,000 acres, being nearly as large as England, and the states of Vermont and New Hampshire.
SURFACE,
North of the Missouri, the state is level or undulating, while the portion south of that river (the larger portion of the state) exhibits a greater variety of surface. In the southeastern part is an extensive marsh, reaching beyond the state into Arkansas, The remainder of this portion between the Mississippi and Osage Rivers is rolling, and gradually rising into a hilly and mountainous district, forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains.
Beyond the Osage River, at some distance, commences a vast expanse of prairie land which stretches away toward the Rocky Mountains. The ridges forming the Ozark chain extend in a northeast and southwest direction, separat- ing the waters that flow northeast into the Missouri from those that flow southeast into the Mississippi River.
RIVERS.
No state in the Union enjoys better facilities, for navigation than Missouri. By means of the Mississippi River, which stretches along her entire eastern boundary, she can hold commercial intercourse with the most northern territory
14 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
and state in the Union ; with the whole valley of the Ohio ; with many of the Atlantic States, and with the Gulf of Mexico.
**Ay, gather Europe's royal rivers all —
The snow-swelled Neva, with an Empire's weight
On her broad breast, she yet may overwhelm ;
Dark Danube, hurrying, as by foe pursued,
Through shaggy forests and by palace walls,
To hide its terrors in a sea of gloom ;
The castled Rhine, whose vine-crowned waters flow,
The fount of fable and the source of song ;
The rushing Rhone, in whose cerulean depths
The loving sky seems wedded with the wave ;
The yellow Tiber, chok'd with Roman spoils,
A dying miser shrinking 'neath his gold ;
The Seine, where fashion glasses the fairest forms ;
And Thames that bears the riches of the world ;
Gather their waters in one ocean mass,
Our Mississippi rolling proudly on.
Would sweep them from its path, or swallow up,
Like Aaron's rod, these streams of fame and song."
By the Missouri River she can extend her commerce to the Rocky Mountains, and receive in return the products which will come in the course of time, by its multitude of tributaries.
The Missouri River coasts the northwest line of the State for about 250 miles, following its windings, and then flows through the State, a little south of east, to its junction with the Mississippi. The Missouri River receives a number of trib- utaries within the limits of the State, the principal of which are the Nodaway^ Platte, Loutre and Chariton from the north, and the Blue, Sniabar, Grand, Osage and Gasconade from the south. The principal tributaries of the Mississippi within the State, are the Salt River, north, and the Maramec River south, of the Missouri.
The St. Francis and White Rivers, with their branches, drain the southeastern part of the State, and pass into Arkansas. The Osage is navigable for steamboats for more than 275 miles. There are a vast number of smaller streams, such as creeks, branches and rivers, which water the State in all directions.
Timber. — Not more towering in their sublimity were the cedars of ancient Lebanon, nor more precious in their utility were the almung-trees of Ophir, than the native forests of Missouri. The river bottoms are covered with a luxuriant growth of oak, ash, elm, hickory, cottonwood, linn, white and black walnut, and in fact, all the varieties found in the Atlantic and Eastern States. In the more barren districts may be seen the white and pin oak, and in many places a dense growth of pine. The crab apple, papaw and persimmon are abundant, as also the hazel and pecan.
Climate. — The climate of Missouri is, in general, pleasant and salubrious. Like that of North America, it is changeable, and subject to sudden and sometimes extreme changes of heat and cold ; but it is decidedly milder, taking the whole year through, than that of the same latitudes east of the mountains. While the summers are not more oppressive than they .are in the corresponding latitudes on and near the Atlantic coast, the winters are shorter, and very much milder, except during the month of February, which has many days of pleasant sunshine.
Prairies. — Missouri is a prairie State, especially that portion of it north and northwest of the Missouri River. These prairies, along the water courses, abound with the thickest and most luxurious belts of timber, while the "rolling" prairies occupy the higher portions of the country, the descent generally to the forests or bottom lands being over only declivities. Many of these prairies, however, ex-
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 15
hibit a gracefully waving surface, swelling and sinking with an easy slope, and a full, rounded outline, equally avoiding the unmeaning horizontal surface and the interruption of abrupt or angular elevations.
These prairies often embrace extensive tracts of land, and in one or two in- stances they cover an area of fifty thousand acres. During the spring and summer they are carpeted with a velvet of green, and gaily bedecked with flowers of various forms and hues, making a most fascinating panorama of ever changing color and loveliness. To fully appreciate their great beauty and magnitude, they must be seen.
Soil. — The soil of Missouri is good, and of great agricultural capabilities, but che most fertile portions of the State are the river bottoms, which are a rich allu- vium, mixed in many cases with sand, the producing qualities of which are not excelled by the prolific valley of the famous Nile.
South of the Missouri River there is a greater variety of soil, but much of it is fertile, and even in the mountains and mineral districts there are rich valleys, and about the sources of the White, Eleven Points, Current and Big Black Rivers, the soil, though unproductive, furnishes a valuable growth of yellow pine.
The marshy lands in the southeastern part of the State will, by a system of drainage, be one of the most fertile districts in the State.
POPULATION BY COUNTIES IN 1870, 1876, 1880.
1870. 1876. 1880.
Adair ii,449 i3>774 i5>i9o
Andrew 15,137 i4,992 16,318
Atchison 8,440 10,925 14,565
Audrain 12,307 I5,i57 i9,739
Barry io,373 11,146 14,424
Barton 5,087 6,900 10,332
Bates 15,960 17,484 25,382
Benton 11,322 11,027 12,398
BoUinger 8,162 8,884 11,132
Boone 20,765 31,923 25,424
Buchanan 35,109 38,165 49,824
Butler 4,298 4,363 6,011
Caldwell 11,390 12,200 13,654
Callaway 19,202 25,257 23,670
Camden 6,108 7,027 7,269
Cape Girardeau 17,558 17,891 20,998
Carroll 17,440 21,498 23,300
Carter 1,440 i,549 2,168
Cass 19,299 18,069 22,431
Cedar. 9,471 9,897 10,747
Chariton 19,136 23,294 25,224
Christian 6,707 7,936 9,632
Clark 13-667 14,549 15,631
Clay 15,564 15,320 15,579
Clinton 14,063 13,698 16,073
Cole 10,292 14,122 15,519
Cooper 20,692 21,356 21,622
Crawford 7,982 9,39i 10,763
Dade 8,683 11,089 12,557
^'las 8,383 8,073 9,272
Daviess 14,410 16,557 19,174
DeKalb 9,858 ii,i59 13, 343
Dent 6,357 7,401 10,647
16
HISTORY OF MISSOURL
Douglas 3,915
Dunklin 5,982
Franklin < 30,098
Gasconade 10,093
Gentry 11,607
Greene 21,549
Grundy 10,567
Harrison 14.635
Henry 17,401
Hickory 6,452
Holt 11,652
Howard 17,233
Howell 4,218
Iron 6,278
Jackson 55>o4i
Jasper 14,928
Jefferson 15,380
Johnson 24,648
Knox 10,974
Laclede 9,380
Lafayette 22,624
Lawrence 131O67
Lewis 15,114
Lincoln 15,960
Linn 15,906
Livingston 16,730
McDonald 5,226
Macon 23,230
Madison 5,849
Maries 5,9 '6
Marion 23,780
Mercer 11, 557
Miller 6,616
Mississippi 4,982
Moniteau 13, 375
Monroe 17,149
Montgomery 10,405
Morgan 8,434
New Madrid 6,357
Newton 12,821
Nodaway i4,75i
Oregon 3,287
Osage 10,793
Ozark 3,363
Pemiscot 2,059
Perry .... 9,877
Pettis 18,706
Phelps 10,506
Pike • 23,076
Platte 17,352
Polk 14,445
Pulaski 4,714
Putnam 11,217
Ralls 10,510
Randolph 15,908
|
6,461 |
7, |
|
6,255 |
9, |
|
26,924 |
26, |
|
11,160 |
II, |
|
12,673 |
17, |
|
24,693 |
28, |
|
13,071 |
15, |
|
18,530 |
20, |
|
18,465 |
23, |
|
5,870 |
7, |
|
i3>245 |
15. |
|
17,815 |
18, |
|
6,756 . |
8, |
|
6,623 |
8. |
|
54,045 |
82, |
|
29,384 |
32, |
|
16,186 |
18, |
|
23,646 |
28, |
|
12,678 |
13. |
|
9,845 |
II, |
|
22,204 |
25, |
|
13,054 |
17, |
|
16,360 |
15, |
|
16,858 |
17. |
|
18,110 |
20, |
|
18,074 |
20, |
|
6,072 |
7, |
|
25,028 |
26, |
|
8,750 |
8, |
|
6,481 |
7, |
|
22,794 |
24, |
|
13.393 |
14, |
|
8,529 |
9, |
|
7:498 |
9, |
|
13,084 |
14, |
|
17.751 |
19, |
|
14,418 |
16, |
|
9,529 |
10, |
|
6,673 |
7, |
|
16,875 |
18, |
|
23.196 |
29, |
|
4,469 |
5, |
|
11,200 |
II, |
|
4,579 |
5. |
|
2,573 |
4. |
|
11,189 |
II, |
|
23,167 |
27. |
|
9.919 |
12, |
|
22,828 |
26, |
|
15,948 |
17, |
|
13.467 |
15. |
|
6,157 |
7, |
|
12,641 |
13, |
|
9.997 |
II, |
|
^9,^73 |
22, |
18 HISTOR\ OK MISSOURI.
Ray 18,700 18,394 20,196
Reynolds 3,756 4,.7i6 "5.722
Ripley 3>n5 3. 9^3 5.377
St. Charles 21,304 21,821 23,060
St, Clair 6,742 11,242 14,126
St. Francois 9,742 11,621 13,822
Ste. Genevieve 8,384 9.409 10,309
St. Louis* 351.189 . . . 31.888
Saline 21,672 27,087 29,912
Schuyler 8,820 9,881 10,470
Scotland 10,670 12,030 12,507
Scott 7.317 7.312 8,587
Shannon 2,339 3.236 3.441
Shelby 10,119 13.243 14,024
Stoddard 8,535 10,888 13,432
Stone 3,253 3,544 4.405
Sullivan 11.907 14,039 16,569
Taney 4,407 6,124 5,605
Texas 9,618 10,287 12,207
Vernon 11,247 14,413 '9.370
Warren 9,673 10,321 10,806
Washington • 11,719 13.100 12,895
Wayne 6,068 7,006 9>o97
Webster 10,434 10,684 12,175
Worth 5,004 7,164 8,208
Wright 5,684 6,124 9,735
City of St. Louis ... 350,522
1,721,295 1,547,030 2,168,804
Males 1,127,424
Females 1,041,380
Native i, 957. 564
Foreign 211,240
White . 2,023,568
Colored! 145,236
CHAPTER IIL GEOLOGY OF MISSOURI.
Classification of Roclks — Quatenary Formation — Tertiary — Cretaceous — Carhoniferous — Devonian — Silurian — Azoic — Economic Geology — Coal — Iron — Lead — Copper — Zinc — Building Stone — Marble — Gypsum — Lime — Clays — Faints — Springs — Water Fower,
The stratified rocks of Missouri, as classified and treated of by Prof. G. C. Swallow, belong to the following divisions: I. Quatenary; 11. Tertiary; III. Cretaceous ; IV. Carboniferous ; V. Devonian ; VI. Silurian , VII. Azoic.
"The Quatenary formations, are the most recent, and the most valuable to man : valuable, because they can be more readily utilized.
* St. Louis city and county sep.irated in 1877. Population for 1876 not given. \ Including 92 Chinese, 2 half Chinese, and 96 Indians and half-breeds.
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 19
The Quatenary formation in Missouri, embraces the Alluvium, 30 feet thick ; Bottom Prairie, 30 feet thick ; Bluff, 200 feet thick ; and Drift, 155 feet thick. The latest deposits are those which constitute the Alluvium, and includes the soils, pebbles and sand, clays, vegetable mold, bog, iron ore, marls, etc.
The Alluvium deposits, cover an area, within the limits of Missouri, of more than four millions acres of land, which are not surpassed for fertility by any region of country on the globe.
The Bluff Prairie formation is confined to the low lands, which are washed by the two great rivers which course our eastern and western boundaries, and while it is only about half as extensive as the Alluvial, it is equally as rich and productive."
"The Bluff formation, "says Prof. Swallow, "rests upon the ridges and river bluffs, and descends along their slopes to the lowest valleys, the formation cap- ping all the Bluffs of the Missouri from Fort Union to its mouth, and those of the Mississippi from Dubuque to the mouth of the Ohio. It forms the upper stratum beneath the soil of all the high lands, both timber and prairies, of all the counties north of the Osage and Missouri, and also St. Louis, and the Mississippi counties on the south.
Its greatest development is in the counties on the Missouri River from the Iowa line to Boonville. In some localities it is 200 feet thick. At St. Joseph it is 140 ; at Boonville 100 ; and at St. Louis, in St. George's quarry, and the Big Mourd, it is about 50 feet ; while its greatest observed thickness in Marion county was only 30 feet."
The Drift formation is that which lies beneath the Bluff formation, having, as Prof. Swallow informs us, three distinct deposits, to-wit : "Altered Drift, which are strata of sand and pebbles, seen in the banks of the Missouri, in the north- western portion of the state.
The Boulder formation is a heterogeneous stratum of sand, gravel and boulder, and water-worn fragments of the older rocks.
Boulder Clay is a bed of bluish or brown sandy clay, through which pebbles are scattered in greater or less abundance. In some localities in northern Missouri, this formation assumes a pure white, pipe-clay color."
The Tertiary formation is made up of clays, shales, iron ores, sandstone, and sands, scattered along the bluffs, and edges of the bottoms, reaching from Com- merce, Scott county, to Stoddard, and south to the Chalk Bluffs in Arkansas.
The Cretaceous formation lies beneath the Tertiary, and is composed of variegated sandstone, bluish-brown sandy slate, whitish-brown impure sandstone, fine white clay mingled with spotted flint, purple, red and blue clays, all being in the aggregate, 158 feet in thickness. There are no fossils in these rocks, and nothing by which their age may be told.
The Carboniferous system includes the Upper Carboniferous or coal- measures, and the Lower Carboniferous or Mountain limestone. The coal- measures are made up of numerous strata of sandstones, limestones, shales, clays, marls, spathic iron ores, and coals.
The Carboniferous formation, including coal-measures and the beds of iron, embrace an area in Missouri of 27,000 square miles. The varieties of coal found in the State are the common bituminous and cannal coals, and they exist in quantities inexhaustible. The fact that these coal measures are full of fossils, which are always confined to the coal measures, enables the geologist to point them out, and the coal beds contained in them.
The rocks of the Lower Carboniferous formation are varied in color, and are quarried in many different parts of the State, being extensively utilized for build- ing and other purposes.
Among the Lower Carboniferous rocks is found the Upper Archimedes Limestone, 200 feet ; Ferruginous Sandstone, 195 feet ; Middle Archimedes, 50
20 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
feet; St. Louis Limtslone, 250 feet; Oolitic Limestone, 25 feet; Lower Archi- medes Limestone, 350 feet ; and Encrinital Limestone, 500 feet. These lime- stones generally contain fossils.
The Ferruginous limestone is soft when quarried, but becomes hard and du- rable after exposure. It contains large quantities of iron, and is found skirting the eastern coal measures from the mouth of the Des Moines to McDonald county.
The St. Louis limestone is of various hues and tints, and very hard. It is found in Clark, Lewis and St. Louis counties.
The Lower Archimedes limestone includes partly the lead bearing rocks of Southwestern Missouri.
The Encrinital limestone is the most extensive of the divisions of Carbonifer- ous limestone, and is made up of brown, buff, gray and white. In these strata are found the remains of corals and moUusks. This formation extends from Marion county to Greene county. The Devonian system contains : Chemung Group, Hamilton Group, Onondaga limestone and Oriskany sandstone. The rocks of the Devonian system are found in Marion, Ralls, Pike, Callaway, Saline and St. Gene- vieve counties.
The Chemung Group has three formations, Chouteau limestone, 85 feet; Ver- micular sandstone and shales, 75 feet; Lithographic limestone, 125 feet.
The Chouteau limestone is in two divisions, when fully developed, and when first quarried is soft. It is not only good for building purposes but makes an ex- cellent cement.
The Vermicular sandstone and shales are usually buff or yellowish brown, and perforated with pores.
The Lithographic limestone is a pure, fine, compact, evenly-textured lime- stone. Its color varies from light drab to buff and blue. It is called "pot met- al," because under the hammer it gives a sharp, ringing sound. It has but few fossils.
The Hamilton Group is made up of some 40 feet of blue shales, and 170 feet of crystaUine limestone.
Onondaga limestone is usually a coarse, gray or buff crystalline, thick -bedded and cherty limestone. No formation in Missouri presents such variable and wide- ly different lithological characters as the Onondaga.
The Oriskany sandstone is a light, gray limestone.
Of the Upper Silurian series there are the following formations : Lower Hel- derburg, 350 feet ; Niagara Group, 200 feet; Cape Girardeau limestone, 60 feet.
The Lower Helderberg is made up of buff, gray and reddish cherty and ar- gillaceous limestone.
Niagara Group. The upper part of this group consists of red, yellow and ash- colored shales, with compact limestones, variegated with bands and nodules of chert.
The Cape Girardeau limestone, on the Mississippi River near Cape Girardeau, is a compact, bluish-gray, brittle limestone, with smooth fractures in layers from two to six inches in thickness, with argillaceous partings. These strata contain a great many fossils.
The Lower Silurian has the following ten formations, to-wit : Hudson River Group, 220 feet; Trenton limestone, 360 feet; Black River and Bird's Eye lime- stone, 175 feet; first Magnesian limestone, 200 feet; Saccharoidal sandstone, 125 feet; second Magnesian limestone, 250 feet; second sandstone, 115 feet; third Magnesian limestone, 350 feet; third sandstone, 60 feet; fourth Magnesian lime- stone, 350 feet.
Hudson River Group: — There are three formations which Prof. Swallow re- fers to in this group. These formations are found in the bluff above and below Louisiana; on the Grassy a few miles northwest of Louisiana, and in Ralls, Pike, Cape Girardeau and Ste. Genevieve Counties.
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 21
Trenton limestone : — The upper part of this formation is made up of thick beds of hard, compact, bluish-gray and drab limestone, variegated with irregular cavities, filled with greenish materials.
The beds are exposed between Hannibal and New London, north of Salt River, and near Glencoe, St. Louis county, and are 75 feet thick.
Black River and Bird's Eye limestone the same color as the Trenton lime- stone.
The first Magnesian limestone cap the picturesque bluffs of the Osage in Ben- ton and neighboring counties.
The Saccharoidal sandstone has a wide range in the state. In a bluff about two miles from Warsaw, is a very striking change of thickness of this formation.
Second Magnesian limestone, in lithological character, is like the first.
The second sandstone, usually of yellowish-brown, sometimes becomes a pure white, fine-grained, soft, sandstone as on Cedar Creek, in Washington and Frank- lin counties.
The third Magnesian limestone is exposed in the high and picturesque bluffs of the Niangua, in the neighborhood of Bryces' Spring.
The third sandstone is white and has a formation in moving water.
The fourth Magnesian limestone is seen on the Niangua and Osage Rivers.
The Azoic rocks lie below the Silurian and form a series of silicious and other slates which contain no remains of organic life.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.
Coal. — Missouri is particularly rich in minerals. Indeed, no State in the Union, surpasses her in this respect. In some unknown age of the past — long before the existence of man, nature, by a wise process, made a bountiful provis- ion, for the time, when in the order of things, it should be necessary for civilized man — to take possession of these broad, rich prairies. As an equivalent for lack of forests, she quietly stored away beneath the soil, those wonderful carboniferous treasures for the use of man.
Geological surveys, have developed the fact, that the coal deposits in the State, are almost unnumbered, embracing all varieties of the best bituminous coal. The southeast boundary of the State, has been ascertained, to be one continuous coal field, stretching from the mouth of the Des Moines River, through Clark, Lewis, Scotland, Adair, Macon, Shelby, Monroe, Audrain, Callaway, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, Benton, Henry, St. Clair, Bates, Vernon, Cedar, Dade, Barton, and Jasper, into the Indian Territory, and the counties on the northwest of this line contain more or less coal. Coal rocks exist in Ralls, Montgomery, Warren, St. Charles, Moniteau, Cole, Morgan, Crawford, and Lincoln, and during the past few years, all along the lines of all the railroads in north Missouri, and along the western end of the Missouri Pacific, and on the Missouri River, between Kansas City and Sioux City, has systematic mining, opened up hundreds oi mines in different localities. The area of our coal beds, on the line of the south- western boundary of the State alone, embrace more than 26,000 square miles, ol 'regular coal measures. This will give of workable coal, if the average be one foot, 26,800,000,000 tons. The estimates from the developments already made, in the different portions of the State, will give 134,000,000,000 tons.
The economical value of this coal, to the State ; its influence in domestic life ; in navigation, commerce and manufactures, is beyond the imagination of man to conceive. Suffice it to say, that in the possession of her developed, and undeveloped coal mines, Missouri has a motive power, which in its influences for good, in the civiHzation of man, is more potent than the gold of California.
Iron. — Prominent among the minerals, which increase the power and pros- perity of a Nation, is iron. Of this ore, Missouri has an inexhaustible quantity, and like her coal fields, it has been developed in many portions of the State,
22 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
and of the best and purest quality. It is found in great abundance in the coun- ties of Cooper, St. Clair, Green, Henry, Franklin, Benton, Dallas, Camden, Stone, Madison, Iron, Washington, Perry, St. Francois, Reynolds, Stoddard, Scott, Dent and others. The greatest deposit of iron, is found in the Iron Mountain, which is two hundred feet high, and covers an area of five hundred acres, and produces a metal, which is shown by analysis, to contain from 65 to 6g per cent of metallic iron.
The ore of Shepherd Mountain contains from 64 to 67 per cent of metallic iron. The ore of Pilot Knob, contains from 53 to 60 per cent.
Rich beds of iron, are also found at the Big Bogy Mountain, and at Russell Mountain. This ore has in its nude state, a variety of colors, from the red, dark red, black, brown, to a light bluish gray. The red ores are found in 21 or more counties of the State, and are of great commercial value. The brown hematite iron ores, extend over a greater range of country, than all the others combined; embracing about 100 counties, and have been ascertained to exist in these in large quantities.
Lead. — Long before any permanent settlements were made in Missouri, by the whites, lead was mined within the limits of the state, at two or three points on the Mississippi. At this time more than five hundred mines are opened, and many of them are being successfully worked. These deposits of lead cover an area, so far as developed, of more than 7,000 square miles. Mines have been opened in Jefferson, Washington, St. Francis, Madison, Wayne, Carter, Reynolds, Crawford, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, Cole, Cape Girardeau, Camden, Morgan and many other counties.
Copper and Zinc. — Several varieties of copper ore are found in Missouri. The copper mines of Shannon, Madison, and Franklin counties have been known for years, and some of these have been successfully worked, and are now yielding ~ good results.
Deposits of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, Maries, Green, Lawrence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Reynolds, and Wright counties.
Zinc is abundant in nearly all the lead mines in the southwestern part of the state, and since the completion of the A. & P. R. R. a market has been furnished for this ore, which will be converted into valuable merchandise.
Building Stone and Marble. — There is no scarcity of good building stone in Missouri. Limestone, sandstone, and granite exist in all shades of buff, blue, red, and brown, and are of great beauty as building material.
There are many marble beds in the state, some of which furnish very beauti- ful and excellent marble. It is found in Marion, Cooper, St. Louis, and other counties.
One of the most desirable of the Missouri marbles is in the 3d Magnesian limestone, on the Niangua. It is fine-grained, crystalline, silico-magnesian lime- stone, light-drab, slightly tinged with peach blossom, and clouded by deep fiesh- colored shades. In ornamental architecture it is rarely surpassed.
Gypsum and Lime. — Though no extensive beds of gypsum have been discovered in Missouri, there are vast beds of the pure white crystalline variety on the line of the Kansas Pacific Railroad, on Kansas River, and on Gypsum Creek. It exists Iso in several other localities accessible by both rail and boat.
All of the limestone formations in the State, from the coal measures to the fourth Magnesian, have more or less strata of very nearly pure carbonate of pure lime.
Clays and Paints. — Clays are found in nearly all parts of the State suitable for making bricks. Potters' clay, and fire-clay are worked in many localities.
There are several beds of purple shades in the coal measures which possess the properties requisite for paints used in outside work. Yellow and red ochres are
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 23
found in considerable quantities on the Missouri River. Some of these paints have •been thoroughly tested and found fire-proof and durable.
SPRINGS AND WATER POWER.
No State is, perhaps, better supplied with cold springs of pure water than Missouri. Out of the bottoms there is scarcely a section of land but has one or more perennial springs of good water. Even where there are no springs good water can be obtained by digging from twenty to forty feet. Salt springs are abundant in the central part of the State, and discharge their brine in Cooper, Saline, Howard, and adjoining counties. Considerable salt was made in Cooper and Howard counties at an early day.
Sulphur springs are also numerous throughout the State. The Chouteau springs in Cooper, the Monagaw springs in St. Clair, the Elk springs in Pike, and the Cheltenham springs in St. Louis county have acquired considerable reijDutation as salubrious waters, and have become popular places of resort. Many other counties have good sulphur springs.
Among the Chalybeate springs the Sweet springs on the Blackwater, and the Chalybeate spring in the University campus are, perhaps, the most popular of the kind in the State. There are, however, other springs impregnated with some of the salts of iron.
Petroleum springs are found in Carroll, Ray, Randolph, Cass, Lafayette, Bates, Vernon, and other counties. The variety called lubricating oil is the more common.
The water power of the State is excellent. Large springs are particularly abundant on the waters of the Maramec, Gasconade, Bourbeuse, Osage, Niangua, Spring, White, Sugar, and other streams. Besides these, there are hundreds of springs sufficiently large to drive mills and factories, and the day is not far distant when these crystal fountains will be utilized, and a thousand saws will buzz to their dashing music
CHAPTER IV. TITLE AND EARLY SETTLEMENTS.
Title to Missouri^ Lands — Right of Discovery — Title of France and Spain — Cession to the United States — Territorial Changes — Treaties with Indians — First Settlemetit — Ste. Genevieve and New Bourbon — St. Louis — When Incorporated — Potosi — St. Charles — Portage des .Sioux — New Madrid — St. Francois County — Perry — Mississippi — Loutre Island — *'Boon^sl.ick" — Cote Sans Dessein — Howard County — Some First Things — Counties — When Organized.
, The title to the soil of Missouri, was, of course, primarily vested in the original occupants who inhabited the country prior to its discovery by the whites. But the Indians, being savages, possessed but few rights that civilized nations considered themselves bound to respect, so when they found this country in the possession of such a people, they claimed it in the name of the King of France, by the right of discovery. It remained under the jurisdiction of France until 1763.
Prior to the year 1763, the entire continent of North America, was divided between France, England, Spain, and Russia. France held all that portion that now constitutes our national domain west of the Mississippi River, except Texas, and the territory which we have obtained from Mexico and Russia. The vast
24 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
region, while under the jurisdiction of France, was known as ttie ** Province of Louisiana," and embraced the present State of Missouri. At the close of the "Old French War," in 1763, France gave up her share of the continent, and Spain came into the possession of the territory west of the Mississippi River, while Great Britain retained Canada and the regions northward, having obtained that territory by conquest, in the war with France. For thirty-seven years the territory now embraced within the limits of Missouri, remained as a part of the possession of Spain, and then went back to France by the treaty of St. Ildefonso, October ist, 1800. On the 30th of April, 1803, France ceded it to the United States, in consideration of receiving $11,250,000, and the liquidation of certain claims, held by citizens of the United States against France, which amounted to the further sum of $3,750,000, making a total of $15,000,000. It will thus be seen that France has twice, and Spain once, held sovereignty over the territory embracing Missouri, but the financial needs of Napoleon afforded our government an opportunity to add another empire to its domain.
On the 31st of October, 1803, an act of Congress was approved, authorizing the President to take possession of the newly acquired territory, and provided for it, a temporary government, and another act approved March 26th, 1804, authorized the division of the "Louisiana Purchase," as it was then called, into two separate territories. All that portion south of the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the "Territory of Orleans,'' and that north of the said parallel was known as the " District of Louisiana," and was placed under the jurisdiction of what was then known as ** Indiana Territory."
By virtue of an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1805, the " District of Louisiana," was organized as the "Territory of Louisiana," with a territorial government of its own, which went into operation July 4th, of the same year, and it so remained till 18 12. In this year the " Territory of Orleans," became the State of Louisiana, and the " Territory of Louisiana," was organized as the *' Territory of Missouri."
This change took place under an act of Congress, approved June 4th, 181 2. In 1819, a portion of this territory was organized as " Arkansaw Territory," and in 1 82 1, the State of Missouri was admitted, being a part of the former " Terri- tory of Missouri."
In 1836, the " Platte Purchase," then being a part of the Indian Territory, and now composing the counties of Atchison, Andrew, Buchanan, Holt, Noda- way, and Platte, was made by treaty with the Indians, and added to the State. It will be seen then, that the soil of Missouri belonged :
I St. — To France with other territory.
2d. — In 1768, with other territory it was ceded to Spain.
3d. — October ist, 1800, it was ceded with other territory from Spain, back to France.
4th. — April 30th, 1803, it was ceded with other territory by France, to the United States.
5th. — October 31, 1803, a temporary government was authorized by Con gress, for the newly acquired territory.
6th. — October i, 1804, it was included in the " District of Louisiajaa," and placed under the territorial government of Indiana.
7th. — July 4, 1805, it was included as a part of the "Territory of Louisiana," then organized with a separate territorial government.
8th. — June 4, 1812, it was embraced in what was then made the " Territory of Missouri."
9th. — August TO, 182 1, it was admitted into the Union as a State.
icth. — In 1836, the " Platte Purchase" was made, adding more territory to the Stae.
The cession by France April 30, 1803, vested the title in the United States,
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26 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
subject to the claims of the Indians, which it was very justly the policy of the government to recognize. Before the government of the United States could vest clear title to the soil in the grantee it was necessary to extinguish the Indian title by purchase. This was done accordingly by treaties made with the Indians, at different times.
EARLY SETTLEMENTS.
The name of .the first white man who set foot on the territory now embraced in the State of Missouri, is not known, nor is it known at what precise period the first settlements were made. It is, however, generally agreed that they were made at Ste. Genevieve and New Bourbon, tradition fixing the date of these settle- ments in the autumn of 1735. These towns were settled by the French from Kaskaskia and St. Philip in Illinois.
St. Louis was founded by Pierre Laclede Lignest, on the 15th of February, 1764. He was a native of France, and was one of the members of the company of Laclede Lignest, Antoino Maxant & Co., to whom a royalcharter had been granted, confirm ng the privilege of an exclusive trade with the Indians of the Mi;£Ouri as far north as St. Peter's River.
While in search of a trading post he ascended the Mississippi as far as the mouth of the Missouri, and finally returned to the present town site of St. Louis. After the village had been laid off he named it St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV, of France.
The colony thrived rapidly by accessions from Kaskaskia and other towns on the east side of the Mississippi, and its trade was largely increased by many of the Indian tribes, who removed a portion of their peltry trade from the same towns to St. Louis. It was incorporated as a town on the 9th day of November, 1809, by the court of Common Pleas of the district of St. Louis ; the town trustees being Auguste Chouteau, Edward Hempstead, Jean F. Cabanne, VVm. C. Carr andWm. Christy, and incorporated as a city December 9, 1822. The selection of the town site on which St. Louis stands was highly judicious, the spot not only being healthful and having the advantages of water transportation unsurpassed, but sur- rounded by a beautiful region of country, rich in soil and mineral resources. St. Louis has grown to be the fifth city in population in the Union, and is to-day, the great center of internal commerce of the Missouri, the Mississippi and their trib- utaries, and, with its railroad facilities, it is destined to be the greatest inland city of the American continent.
The next settlement was made at Potosi, in Washington County, in 1765, by Francis Breton, who, while chasing a bear, discovered the mine near the present town of Potosi, where he afterward located.
One of the most prominent pioneers who settled at Potosi was Moses Austin, of Virginia, who, in 1873, received.by grant from the Spanish government a league of land, now known as the "Austin Survey." The grant was made on condition that Mr. Austin would establish a lead mine at Potosi and work it. He built a palatial residence, for that day, on the brow of the hill in the little village, which was, for many years, known as " Durham Hall." At this point the first shot- tower and sheet-lead manufactory were erected.
Five years after the founding of St. Louis the first settlement made in North- ern Missouri was made at or near St. Charles, in St. Charles county, in 1769. The name given to it, and which it retained till 1784, was Les Petites Cotes, signi- fying. Little Hills. The town site was located by Blanchette, a Frenchman, sur- named LeChasseur, who built the first fort in the town and established there a military post.
Soon after the establishment of the military post at St. Charles, the old French village of Portage des Sioux, was located on the Mississippi, just below the mouth of the Illinois river, and at about the same time a Kickapoo village
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 27
was commenced at Clear Weather Lake. The present town site of New Madrid, in New Madrid county, was settled in 1781, by French Canadians, it then being occupied by Delaware Indians. The place now known as Big River MillsySt, Francois county, was settled in 1796, Andrew Baker, John Alley, Francis Starnater, and John Andrews, each locating claims. The following year, a settlement was made in the same county, just below the present town of Farm- ington, by the Rev. Wm. Murphy, a Baptist minister from East Tennessee. In 1796, settlements were made in Perry county by emigrants from Kentucky and Pennsylvania; the latter locating in the rich bottom lands of Bois Brule, the former generally settling in the " Barrens," and along the waters of Saline Creek.
Bird's Point, in Mississippi county, opposite Cairo, 111., was settled August 6th, 1800. by John Johnson, by virtue of a land-grant from the commandant under the Spanish Government. Norfolk and Charleston, in the same county, were settled respectively in 1800 and 1801. Warren county was settled in 1801. Loutre Island, below the present town of Herman, in the Missouri River was settled by a few American families in 1807. This little company of pioneers suffered greatly from the floods, as well as from the incursions of thieving and blood-thirsty Indians, and many incidents of a thrilling character could be related of trials and struggles, had we the time and space.
In 1807, Nathan and Daniel Boone, sons of the great hunter and pioneer, in company with three others went from St. Louis to " Boone's Lick," in Howard county, where they manufactured salt, and formed the nucleus of a small settlement.
Cote Sans Desseiu, now called Bakersville, on the Missouri River, in Callaway county, was settled by the French in 1801. This little town was considered at that time, as the "Far West" of the new world. During the war of 181 2, at this place many hard-fought battles occurred between the whites and Indians, wherein woman's fortitude and courage greatly assisted in the defense of the settlement.
In 18 10, a colony of Kentuckians numbering one hundred and fifty families immigrated to Howard county, and settled in the Missouri River bottom, near the present town of Franklin.
Such, in brief, is the history of some of the early settlements of Missouri, covering a period of more than half a century.
These settlements were made on the water courses ; usually along the banks of the two great streams, whose navigation afforded them transportation for their marketable commodities, and communication with the civilized portion of the country.
They not only encountered the gloomy forests, settUng as they did by the river's brink, but the hostile incursion of savage Indians, by whom they were for many years surrounded.
The expedients of these brave men who first broke ground in the Territory, have been succeeded by the permanent and tasteful improvements of their descendants. Upon the spots where they toiled, dared, and died, are seen the comfortable farm, the beautiful village, and thrifty city. Churches and school houses greet the eye on every hand ; railroads diverge in every direction, and, indeed, all the appliances of a higher civilization, are profusely strewn over the smiling surface of the State.
Culture's hand Has scattered verdure o'er the land ; And smiles and fragrance rule serene, Where barren wild usurped the scene.
28 HISTORY OF MISSOURL
SOME FIRST THINGS.
The first marriage that took place in Missouri was April 20, 1766, in St. Louis.
The first baptism was performed in May, 1766, in St. Louis.
The first house of worship, (Catholic), was erected in 1775, at St. Louis.
The first ferry established in 1805, on the Mississippi River, at St. Louis.
The first newspaper established in St. Louis, {Missouri Gazette)^ in 1808.
The first postoffice was established in 1804, in St. Louis — Rufus Easton, post- master.
The first Protestant church erected at St. Genevieve, in i8o6 — Baptist.
The first bank established, (Bank of St. Louis), in 1814.
The first market house opened in 181 1, in St. Louis.
The first steamboat on the Upper Mississippi was the General Pike, Capt. Jacob Ried; landed at St. Louis 18 17.
The first board of trustees for public schools appointed in 1817, St. Louis.
The first college built, (St. Louis College), in 1817.
The first steamboat that came up the Missouri River as high as Franklin was the Independence, in 1819; Capt. Nelson, master.
The first court house erected in 1823, in St. Louis.
The first cholera appeared in St. Louis in 1832.
The first railroad convention held in Si. Louis, April 20, 1836.
The first telegraph lines reached East St. Louis, December 20, 1847,
The first great fire occurred in St. Louis, 1849.
CHAPTER V. TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION.
Organization iS 1 2 — Council — House of Representatives — Wm. Clark first Territorial Goz'ernor — Edward Hempstead first Delegate — Spanish Grants — First General Asseinltly — Pioceedings — Second Assembly — Proceedings — Population of Territory — Vote of Territory — Rufus Easton — Absent Members — Third Assembly — Proceedings — Application for Admission.
Congress organized Missouri as a Territory, July 4, 1812, with a Governor and General Assembly. The Governor, Legislative Council, and House of Rep- resentatives exercised the Legislative power of the Territory, the Governor's vetoing power being absolute.
The Legislative Council was composed of nine members, whose tenure of office lasted five years. Eighteen citizens were nominated by the House of Rep- resentatives to the President of the United States, from whom he selected, with the api)roval of the Senate, nine Councillors, to compose the Legislative Council.
The Ho jse of Representatives consisted of members chosen every two year? by the people, the basis of representation being one member for every five hundred white males. The first House of Representatives consisted of thirteen members, and, by Act of Congress, the whole number of Representatives could not exceed twenty-five.
The judicial power of the Territory, was vested in the Superior and Inferior Courts, and in the Justices of the Peace; the Superior Court having three Judges,
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 29
whose term of office continued four years, having original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases.
The Territory could send one delegate to Congress. Governor Clark issued a proclamation, October ist, 1812, required by Congress, reorganizing the districts of St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid, into five counties, and fixed the second Monday in November following, for the election of a delegate to Congress, and the members of the Territorial House of Representatives.
William Clark, of the expedition of Lewis and Clark, was the first Territorial Governor, appointed by the President, who began his duties 1813.
Edward Hempstead, Rufus Easton, Samuel Hammond, and Mathew Lyon were candidates in November for delegates to Congress.
Edward Hempstead was elected, being the first Territorial Delegate to Con- gress from Missouri. He served one term, declining a second, and was instrumental in having Congress to pass the act of June 13, 1812, which he introduced, con- firming the title to lands which were claimed by the people by virtue of Spanish grants. The same act confirmed to the people "for the support of schools," the title to village lots, out-lots or common field lots, which were held and enjoyed by them, at the time of the cession in 1803.
Under the act of June 4, 1812, the first General Assembly held its Session in the house of Joseph Robidoux, on the 7th of December, 181 2. The names of the members of the House were :
St. Charles. — John Pitman and Robert Spencer.
St. Louis. — David Music, Bernard G. Farrar, William C. Carr, and Richard Clark.
Ste. Genevieve — George Bullet, Richard S. Thomas, and Isaac McGready.
Cape Girardeau. — George F. Bollinger, and Spencer Byrd.
New Madrid. — John Shrader and Samuel Phillips.
John B. C. Lucas, one of the Territorial Judges, administered the oath of office. William C. Carr was elected Speaker, and Andrew Scott, Clerk.
The House of Representatives proceeded to nominate eighteen persons from whom the President of the United States, with the Senate, was to select nine for the Council. From this number the President chose the following:
St. Charles. — James Flaugherty and Benjamin Emmons.
St. Louis. — Auguste Chouteau, Sr. , and Samuel Hammond.
Ste. Genevieve. — John Scott and James Max'well.
Cape Girardeau. — William Neeley and Joseph Cavenor.
New Madrid. — Joseph Hunter.
The Legislative Council, thus chosen by the President and Senate, was announced by Fredrick Bates, Secretary, and Acting-Governor of the Territory, by proclamation, June 3, 1813, and fixing the first Monday in July following, as the time for the meeting of the Legislature.
In the meantime the duties of the executive office were assumed by William Clark. The Legislature accordingly met, as required by the Acting-Governor's proclamation, in July, but its proceedings were never officially published. Con- sequently but little is known in reference to the workings of the first Territorial Legislature of Missouri.
From the imperfect account, published in the Missouri Gazette, of that day ; a paper which had been in existence since 1808, it is found that laws were passed regulating and establishing weights and measures; creating the office of Sheriff; providing the manner for taking the census ; permanently fixing the seats of Justices, and an act to compensate its own members. At this Session, laws were also passed defining crimes and penalties; laws in reference to forcible entry and detainer; establishing Courts of Common Pkas', incorporating the Bank of St.
30 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
Louis; and organizing a part of Ste. Genevieve county into the county of Washington.
The next session of the Legislature convened in St. Louis, December 6, 1813. George Bullet, of Ste. Genevieve county, was speaker elect, and Andrew Scott, clerk, and William Sullivan, doorkeeper. Since the adjournment of the former Legislature several vacancies had occurred, and new members had been elected to fill their places. Among these was Israel McGready, from the county of Wash- ington.
The president of the legislative council was Samuel Hammond. No journal of the council was officially published, but the proceedings of the house are found in the Gazet.e.
At this session of the Legislature many wise and useful laws were passed, hav- ing reference to the temporal as well as the moral and spiritual welfare of the peo- ple. Laws were enacted for the suppression of vice and immorality on the Sab- bath day ; for the improvement of public roads and highways ; creating the offices of auditor, treasurer and county surveyor ; regulating the fiscal affairs of the Territory and fixing the boundary lines of New Madrid, Cape Girardeau, Wash- ington and St. Charles counties, Tlje Legislature adjourned on the 19th of Jan- uary, 18 14, sine die.
The population of the Territory as shown by the United States census in 1810, was 20,845. The census taken by the Legislature in 1814 gave the Territory a population of 25,000. This enumeration shows the county of St. Louis contained the greatest number of inhabitants, and the new county of Arkansas the least — the latter having 827, and the former 3,149.
The candidates for delegate to Congress were Rufus Easton, Samuel Ham- mond, Alexander McNair and Thomas F. Riddick. Rufus Easton and Samuel Hammond had been candidates at the preceding election. In all the counties, excepting Arkansas, the votes aggregated 2,599, of which number Mr. Easton re- ceived 965, Mr. Hammond 746, Mr. McNair 853, and Mr. Riddick (who had withdrawn previously to the election) 35. Mr. Easton was elected.
The census of 18 14 showing a large increase in the population of the Terri- tory, an apportionment was made increasing the number of Representatives in the Territorial Legislature to twenty-two. The General Assembly began its session in St. Louis, December 5, 18 14. There were present on the first day twenty Repre- sentatives. James Caldwell of Ste. Genevieve county was elected speaker, and Andrew Scott, who had been clerk of the preceding assembly, was chosen clerk. The President of the Council was William Neely, of Cape Girardeau county.
It appeared that James Maxwell, the absent member of the Council, and Seth Emmons, member elect of the House of Representatives, were dead. The county of Lawrence was organized at this session, from the western part of New Madrid county, and the corporate powers of St, Louis were enlarged. In 181 5 the Ter- ritorial Legislature again began its session. Only a partial report of its proceed- ings are given in the Gazette. The county of Howard was then organized from St, Louis and St. Charles counties, and included all that part of the State lying north of the Osage and south of the dividing ridge between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers,
The next session of the Territorial Legislature commenced its session in De- cember, 181 6, During the sitting of this Legislature many important acts \yere passed. It was then that the "Bank of Missouri" was charted and went into operation. In the fall of 181 7 the " Bank of St. Louis " and the " Bank of Mis- souri were issuing b lis. An act was passed chartering lottery companies, char- tering the academy at Potosi, and incorporating a board of trustees for superin- tending the schools in the town of St. Louis. Laws were also passed to encour- age the "killing of wolves, panthers and wild-cats."
The Territorial Legislature met again in December, 181 8, and, among other
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 31
things, organized the counties of Pike, Cooper, Jefferson, Franklin, Wayne, Lin- coln, Madison, Montgomery, and three counties in the Southern part of Arkan- sas. In 1 819 the Territory of Arkansas was formed into a separate government of Its own.
The people of the Territory of Missouri had been, for some time, anxious that their Territory should assume the duties and responsibilities of a sovereign State. Since 1812, the date of the organization of the Territory, the population had rapidly increased, many counties had been established, its commerce had grown into importance, its agricultural and mineral resources were being devel- oped, and believing that its admission into the Union as a State would give fresh impetus to all these interests, and hasten its settlement, the Territorial Legislature of 1818-19 accordingly made application to Congress for the passage of an act authorizing the people of Missouri to organize a state government.
CHAPTER VL
Application of Missouri to be Admitted into the Union — Agitation of the Slavery Question — " MiS' souri Compromise" — Constitutional Convention of 1820 — Constitution presented to Congress — Further Resistance to Admission — Mr. Clay and his Committee make Report — Second Comprih mise — Missouri Admitted.
With the application of the Territorial Legislature of Missouri for her admis- sion into the Union, commenced the real agitation of the slavery question in the United States.
Not only was our National Legislature the theater of angry discussions, but everywhere throughout the length and breadth of the Republic the "Missouri Question " was the all-absorbing theme. The political skies threatened,
"In forked flashes, a commanding tempest,"
Which was liable to burst upon the nation at any moment. Through such a cri- sis our country seemed destined to pass. The question as to the admission of Missouri was to be the beginning of this crisis, which distracted the public coun- sels of the nation for more than forty years afterward.
Missouri asked to be admitted into the great family of States. " Lower Louis- iana," her twin sister Territory, had knocked at the door of the Union eight years previously, and was admitted as stipulated by Napoleon, to all the rights, privileges and immunities of a State, and in accordance with the stipulations of the same treaty, Missouri now sought to be clothed with the same rights, privileges and immunities.
As what is known in the history of the United States as the *' Missouri Com- promise," of 1820, takes rank among the most prominent measures that had up to that day engaged the attention of our National Legislature, we shall enter some- what into its details, being connected as they are with the annals of the State.
JFebruary i^th 18 ig. — After the House had resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole on the bill to authorize the admission of Missouri into the Union, and after the question of her admission had been discussed for some time, Mr. Tallmadge, of New York, moved to amend the bill, by adding to it the following proviso :
" And Provided, That the further introduction of slavery or involuntary serv- itude be prohibited, except for the puishment of crime, whereof the party shall
32 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
have been duly convicted, and that ail children born within the said State, after the admission thereof into tfffe Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five years."
As might have been expected, this proviso precipitated the angry discussions which lasted for nearly three years, finally culminating in the Missouri Compro- mise. All phases of the slavery question were presented, not only in its moral and social aspects, but as a great constitutional question, affecting Missouri and the admission of future States. The proviso, when submitted to a vote, was adopted — 79 to 67, and so reported to the House.
Hon. John Scott, who was at that time a delegate from the Territory of Mis- souri, was not permitted to vote, but as such delegate he had the privilege of participating in the debates which followed. On the i6th day of February the proviso was taken up and discussed. After several speeches had been made, among them one by Mr. Scott and one by the author of the proviso, Mr. Tallmadge, the amendment, or proviso, was divided into two parts, and voted upon. The first part of it, which included all to the word "convicted," was adopted — 87 to 76. The remaining part was then voted upon, and also adopted, by 82 to 78. By a vote of 97 to 56 the bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading.
The Senate Committee, to whom the bill was referred, reported the same to the Senate on the 19th of February, when that body voted first upon a motion to strike out of the proviso all after the word " convicted," which was carried by a vote of 32 to 7. It then voted to strike out the first entire clause, which prevailed — 22 to 16, thereby defeating the proviso.
The House decHned to concur in the action of the Senate, and the bill was again returned to that body, which in turn refused to recede from its position. The bill was lost, and Congress adjourned. This was most unfortunate for the country. The people having already been wrought up to fever heat over the agi- tation of the question in the National Councils, now became intensely excited. The press added fuel to the flame, and the progress of events seemed rapidly tending to the downfall of our nationality.
A long interval of nine months was to ensue before the meeting of Congress. That body indicated by its vote upon the " Missouri Question," that the two great sections of the country were politically divided upon the subject of slavery. The restrictive clause, which it was sought to impose upon Missouri as a condition of her admission, would in all probability be one of the conditions of the admission of the Territory of Arkansas. The public mind was in a state of great doubt and uncertainty up to the meeting of Congress, whicli took place on the 6th of Decem- ber, 1 81 9. The memorial of the Legislative Council and House of Representa- tives of the Missouri Territory, praying for admission into the Union, was presented to the Senate by Mr. Smith, of South Carolina. It was referred to the Judiciary Committee.
Some three weeks having passed without any action thereon by the Senate, the bill was taken up and discussed by the House until the 19th of February, when the bill from the Senate for the admission of Maine was considered. The bill for the admission of Maine included the "Missouri Question," by an amendment which read as follows :
" And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty six degrees and thirty minutes, north latitude (excepting such part thereof as is) included within the limits of the State, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been convicted, shall be and is hereby forever prohibited ; Provided, always, T\\z.\. any person escaping into the same from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully re- claimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or services as afore- said."
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 33
The Senate adopted this amendment, which formed the basis of the " Missouri Compromise," modified afterward by striking out the words, ^^ excepting only such ^art thereof. "
The bill passed the Senate by a vote of 24 to 20. On the 2d day of March the House took up the bill and amendments for consideration, and by a vote of 134 to 42 concurred in the Senate amendment, and the bill being passed by the two Houses, constituted section 8, of " An Act to authorize the people of the Missouri Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal. footing with the original States, and to prohibit slavery in certain territory."
This act was approved March 6, 1820. Missouri then contained fifteen organ- ized counties. By act of Congress the people of said State were authorized to hold an election on the first Monday, and two succeeding days thereafter in May, 1820, to select representatives to a State convention. This convention met in St. Louis on the 12th of June, following the election in May, and concluded its labors on the 19th of July, 1820. David Barton was its President, and Wm. G. Pettis, Secretary. There were forty-one members of this convention, men of ability and statesmanship, as the admirable constitution which they framed amply testifies. Their names and the counties represented by them are as follows :
Cape Girardeau. — Stephen Byrd, James Evans, Richard S. Thomas, Alexan- der Buckner and Joseph McFerron.
Cooper. — ^o\,tx\. P. Clark, Robert Wallace, Wm. Lillard.
Franklin. — John G. Heath.
Howard. — Nicholas S. Burkhart, Dufif Green, John Ray, Jonathan S. Find- ley, Benj. H. Reeves.
Jefferson. — Daniel Hammond.
Lincoln. — Malcolm Henry.
Montgomery. — Jonathan Ramsey, James Talbott.
Madison. — Nathaniel Cook.
New Madrid. — Robert S. Dawson, Christopher G. Houts.
Fike, — Stephen Cleaver.
St. Charles. — Benjamin Emmons, Nathan Boone, Hiram H. Baber.
Ste. Genevieve. — John D. Cook, Henry Dodge, John Scott, R. T. Brown.
St. Louis. — David Barton, Edward Bates, Alexander McNair, Wm. Rector> John C. Sullivan, Pierre Chouteau, Jr., Bernard Pratte, Thomas F. Riddick.
Washington. — John Rice Jones, Samuel Perry, John Hutchings.
Wayne. — Elijah Bettis.
On the 13th of November, 1820, Congress met again, and on the 6th of the same month Mr. Scott, the delegate from Missouri, presented to the House the Constitution as framed by the convention. The same was referred to a select com- mittee, who made thereon a favorable report.
The admission of the State, however, was resisted, because it was claimed that its constitution sanctioned slavery, and authorized the Legislature to pass laws preventing free negroes and mulattoes from settling in the State. The report of the committee to whom was referred the Constitution of Missouri was accompanied by a preamble and resolutions, offered by Mr. Lowndes, of South Carolina. The preamble and resolutions were stricken out.
The application of the State for admission shared the same fate in the Senate. The question was referred to a select committee, wio, on the 29th of November, reported in favor of admitting the Stite. The debate, which followed, continued for two weeks, and finally Mr. Eaton, of Tennessee, offered an amendment to the resolution as follows :
" Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to give the assent of Congress to any provision in the Constitution ot Missouri, if anv such there be, which contravenes that clause in the Constitution of the United States, 3
34 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
which declares that the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States."
The resolution, as amended, was adopted. The resolution and proviso were again taken up and discussed at great length, when the committee agreed to report the resolution to the House.
The question on agreeing to the amendment, as reported from the committee of the whole, was lost in the House. A similar resolution afterward passed the Senate, but was again rejected in the House. Then it was that that great states- man and pure patriot, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, feeling that the hour had come when angry discussions should cease
' ' With grave Aspect he rose, and in his rising seem'd A pillar of state ; deep on his front engraven Deliberation sat and public care ; And princely counsel in his face yet shone Majestic" *****
proposed that the question of Missouri's admission be referred to a committee consisting of twenty-three persons, (a number equal to the number of States then composing the Union,) be appointed to act in conjunction with a committee of the Senate to consider and report whether Missouri should be admitted, etc.
The motion prevailed ; the committee was appointed and Mr. Clay made its chairman. The Senate selected seven of its members to act with the committee of twenty-three, and on the 26th of February the following report was made by that committee:
"Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled : That Missouri shall be admitted into the Union, on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatever, upon the fundamental condition that the fourth clause, of the twenty-sixth section of the third article of the Constitution submitted on the part of said State to Con- gress, shall never be construed to authorize the passage of any law, and that no law shall be passed in conformity thereto, by which any citizen of either of the States in this Union shall be excluded from the enjoyment of any of the privileges and immunities to which such citizen is entitled, under the Constitution of the United States ; provided, That the Legislature of said State, by a Solemn Public Act, shall declare the assent of the said State, to the said fundamental condition, and shall transmit to the President of the United States, on or before the fourth Monday in November next, an authentic copy of the said act ; upon the receipt whereof, the President, by proclamation, shall announce the fact ; whereupon, and without any further proceeding on the part of Congress, the admission of the said State into the Union shall be considered complete."
This resolution, after a brief debate, was adopted in the House, and passed the Senate on the 28th of February, 1821.
At a special session of the Legislature held in St. Charles, in June following, a Solemn Public Act was adopted, giving its assent to the conditions of admission, as expressed in the resolution of Mr. Clay. August loth, 182 1, President Monroe announced by proclamation the admission of Missouri into the Union to be complete.
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 35
CHAPTER VII. MISSOURI AS A STATE.
First Election for Governor and Other State Officers — Senators and Representatives to General As' sembly — Sheriff's and Coroners — U. S, Senators — Representatives in Congress — Supreme Court Judges — Counties Organized — Capital Moved to St. Charles — Official Record of Territorial and State Officers.
By the Constitution adopted by the Convention on the 19th of July, 1820, the General Assembly was required to meet in St. Louis on the third Monday in September of that year, and an election was ordered to be held on the 28th of August for the Election of a Governor and other State officers, Senators and Rep- resentatives to the General Assembly, Sheriffs and Coroners, United States Sena- tors and Representatives in Congress.
It will be seen that Missouri had not as yet been admitted as a State, but in anticipation of that event, and according to the provisions of the constitution the election was held, and the General Assembly convened.
WiUiam Clark (who had been Governor of the Territory) and Alexander McNair were the candidates for Governor. McNair received 6,576 votes, Clark 2,556, total vote of the State 9,132. There were three candidates for Lieutenant Governor, to-wit: William H. Ashley, Nathaniel Cook and Henry Elliot. Ashley received 3,907 votes, Cook 3,212, ElHot93i. A Representative was to be elected for the residue of the Sixteenth Congress and one for the Seventeenth. John Scott, who was at the time Territorial delegate, was elected to both Congresses without opposition.
The General Assembly elected in August met on the 19th of September, 1820, and organized by electing James Caldwell, of Ste. Genevieve speaker, and John McArthur clerk, William H. Ashley, Lieutenant-Governor, President of the Senate ; Silas Bent, President, pro tern.
Mathias McGirk, John D. Cook and John R. Jones were appointed Supreme Judges, each to hold office until sixty-five years of age.
Joshua Barton was appointed Secretary of State ; Peter Didier, State Treas- urer; Edward Bates, Attorney-General and William Christie, Auditor of Public Accounts.
David Barton and Thomas H. Benton were elected by the General Assembly to the United States Senate.
At this session of the Legislature the counties of Boone, Callaway, Chariton, Cole, Gasconade, Lillard, Percy, Ralls, Ray and Saline were organized.
We should like to give in details the meetings and proceedings of the differ- ent Legislatures which followed; the elections for Governors and other State of- ficers ; the elections for Congressmen and United States Senators, but for want of space we can only present in a condensed form the official record of the Ter- ritorial and State officers.
OFFICIAL RECORD — TERRITORIAL OFFICERS.
Governors. — Frederick Bates, Secretary and Acting-Governor, 18 12-13. William Clark, 18x3-1820.
OFFICERS OF STATE GOVERNMENT.
Governors. — Alexander McNair, 1820-24. Frederick Bates, 1824-25. Abra- ham J. Williams vice Bates, 1825. John Miller vice Bates, 1826-28. John Miller, 1828-32. Daniel Dunklin, 1832-36, resigned; appointed Surveyor
36 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
General U. S. Liburn W. Boggs vice Dunklin, 1836. Lilburn W. Boggs, 1836- 40. Thomas Reynolds, 1840, died 1844. M. M. Marmaduke vice Reynolds — John C. Edwards, 1844-48. Austin A. King, 1848-52. Sterling Price, 1852-56. Trusten Polk, 1856 57, resigned. Hancock Jackson vice Polk, 1857. Robert M. Stewart vice Polk, 1857-60. C. F. Jackson, i860, office vacated by ordinance. Hamilton R. Gamble vice Jackson ; Gov. Gamble died 1864. William P. Hall, 1864, vice Gamble. Thomas C. Fletcher, 1864-68. Joseph W. McClurg, i868- 70. B. Gratz Brown, 1870-72.* Charles H. Hardin, 1874-76. John S. Phelps, 1876-80. Thomas T. Crittenden, 1880, and is now Governor.
Lieutenant-Governors. — William H. Ashley, 1820-24. Benjamin A. Reeves, 1824-28. Daniel Dunklin, 1828-32. Lilburn W. Boggs, 1832-36. Franklin Cannon, 1836-40. M. M. Marmaduke, 1840-44. James Young, 1844-48. Thomas L. Rice, 1848-52. Wilson Brown, 1852-55. Hancock Jackson, 1856- 60, Thomas C. Reynolds, 1860-61. Williard P. Hall, 1861-64. George Smith, 1864-68. Edward O. Stanard, 1868-70, Joseph J. Gravely, 1870-72. Charles P. Johnson, 1872-74. Norman J. Colman, 1874-76. Henry C. Brockmeyer, 1876-80. Robert Campbell, 1880, and is the present incumbent.
Secretaries of State. — Joshua Barton, 1820-21. William G. Pettis, 1821-24. Hamilton R. Gamble, 1824-26. Spencer Pettis, 1826 28. P. H. McBride, 1829- 30. John C. Edwards, 1830, term expired 1835, re-appointed 1837, resigned 1837. Peter G. Glover, 1837-39. James L. Minor, 1839-45. F. H. Martin, 1845-49. Ephraim B. Ewing, 1849-52. John M. Richardson, 1852-56. Benja- min F. Massey, 1856-60, re-elected i860, for four years. Mordecai Oliver, 1861- 64. Francis Rodman, 1864-68, re-elected 1868, for two years. Eugene F. Weigel, 1870-72, re-elected 1872, for two years. Michael K. McGrath, 1874, and is the present incumbent.
State Treasurers. — Peter Didier, 1820-21. Nathaniel Simonds, 1821-28. James Earickson, 1829-33. John Walker, 1833-38. Abraham McClellan, 1838- 43. Peter G. Glover, 1843-51. A. W. Morrison, 1851-60. George C. Bingham, 1862-64. William Bishop, 1864-68. William Q. Dallmeyer, 1868-70. Samuel Hays, 1872. Harvey W. Salmon, 1872 74. Joseph W. Mercer, 1874-76. Elijah Gates, 1876-80. Phillip E. Chappel, 1880, and present incumbent.
Attorney- Generals. — Edward Bates, 1820-21. Rufus Easton, 1821-26. Robt. W. Wells, 1826-36. William B. Napton, 1836-39. S. M. Bay, 1839-45. B, F. Stringfellow, 1845-49. William A. Roberts, 1849-51. James B. Gardenhire, 1851-56. Ephraim W. Ewing, 1856 59. James P. Knott, 1859-61. Aikman Welsh, 1861-64. Thomas T. Crittenden, 1864. Robert F. Wmgate, 1864-68. Horace P. Johnson, 1868-70. A. J. Baker, 1870-72. Henry Clay Ewing, 1872-74. John A. Hockaday, 1874-76. Jackson L. Smith, 1876-80. Mclntire, 1880, and present incumbent.
Auditors of Public Accoufits. — William Christie, 1820-21. William V. Rector, 1821-23. Elias Barcroft, 1823-33. Henry Shurlds, 1833-35. Peter G. Glover, I835-37- Hiram H. Baber, 1837-45. William Monroe, 1845. J. R. McDer- mon, 1845-48. George W. Miller, 184849. Wilson Brown, 1849-52 William H. Buffington, 1852 60. William S. Moseley, i860 64. Alonzo Thompson, 186468. Daniel M. Draper, 18)8-72. George B. Clnrk, 1S72-74. Thomas Holladay, 1874-80. John Walker, 1880, and present incumbent.
Judges of Supreme Court. — Matthias McKirk, i822-'4i ; John D. Cooke, i822-'23; Jno. R. Jones, 1822-24; Rufus Peitibone, 1823-25; Geo. Tomp- kins, i824-'45; Robt. Wash, 1825-37; Jno. C. Edwards, 1837-39; ^^m. Scott, appointed 1841 till meeting of General Assembly in place of McKirk resigned, ; reappointed 1843; P- H. McBride, 1845; Wm. B. Napton, 1849-52; Jno. F. Ry- land, 1849-51 ; jno. H. Bin h, 1849-51 ; Wm. Scott, Jno. F. Ryland and Hin ilton R. Gamble elected by the people 1851 f t six years; Gamble resigned 1854; Abitl Leonard elected to fill vacancy of Gamble; William B. Napton (vacated ♦Silas H. Woodson, 1872-74.
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 37
by failure to file oath), William Scott and John C. Richardson (resigned), elected August, 1857, for six years ; E. B. Ewing, 1859, to fill Richardson's resignation; Barton Bates appointed 1862; W. V. N. Biy appointed 1862; John D. S. Dry- den appointed 1862; Barton Bates, 1863-65; W. V. N. Bay, elected 1863; John
D. S. Dryden, elected 1863; David Wagner appointed 1865 ; Wallace L. Love- lace, appointed 1865; Nathaniel Holmes, appointed 1865; Thomas J. C. Fagg, appointed 1866; James Baker, appointed 1868; David Wagner, elected 1868- "70; Philemon Bliss, 1868-70; Warren Currier, 1868-71; Washington Adams, appointed 1871 to fill Currier's place who resigned; Ephriam B. Ewing, elected 1872; Thomas A. Sherwood, elected 1872 ; W. B. Napton, appointed 1873 in place of Ewing, deceased ; Edward A. Seins, appointed 1874, in place of Adams, resigned; Warwick Hough, elected 1874; William B. Napton, elected 1874-80; John E. Henry, 1876-86; Robert Ray succeeded William B. Napton, in 1880: Elijah H. Norton, appointed in 1876 — elected in 1878.
United States Senators. — T. H. Benton, 1820-50; D. Barton, 1820-30; Alex. Buckner, 1830-33; L. F. Linn, 1833-43; D. R. Atchison, 1843-55; H. S. Geyer, 1851-57; Jas. M. Green, 1857-61; T. Polk, 1857-63 ; Waldo P. Johnson, 1861; Robt. Wilson, 1861; B. Gratz Brown, 1863, for unexpired term of Johnson; J. B. Henderson, 1863-69; Chas. D. Drake, 1867-70; Carl Schurz, 1869-75; D. F. Jewett, 1870, in place of Drake, resigned; F. P. Blair, 1871-77; L. V. Bogy, 1873; F. M. Cockrell, 1875-81, re-elected 1881; Geo. G. Vest, 1879.
Representatives to Congress. — Jno. Scott, 1820-26; Ed. Bates, 1826-28; Spen- cer Petts, 1828-31; Wm. H. Ashley, 1831-36; John Bull, 1832-34; Albert G. Harrison, 1834-39; Jno. Miller, 1836-42 ; John Jameson, 1839-44, re-elected 1846 for two years; Jno. C. Edwards, 1840-42; Jas. M. Hughes, 1842-44; Jas. H. Relfe, 1842-46; Jas. B. Bowlin, 1842-50; Gustavus M. Boner, 1842-44; Sterling Price, 1844-46; Wm. McDaniel, 1846; Leonard H. Sims, 1844-46; John S. Phelps, 1844-60; Jas. S. Green, 1846-50, re-elected 1856, resigned; Williard P. Hall, 1846-53; Wm. V. N, Bay, 1848-61; John F. Darby, 1850-53; Gilchrist Porter, 1850-57; John G. Miller, 1850-56; Alfred W. Lamb, 1852-54; Thos. H. Benton, 1852-54; Mordecia Oliver, 1852-57; Jas. J. Lindley, 1852-56; Samuel Caruthers, 1852-58; Thomas P. Akers, 1855, to fill unexpired term of J. G. Mil- ler; Francis P. Blair, jr., 1856, re-elected i860, resigned ; Thomas L. Anderson, 1856-60, James Craig, 1856-60; Samuel H. Woodson, 1856-60; John B. Clark, sr., 1857-61 ; J. Richard Barrett, i860; John W. Noel, 1858-63; James S. Rol- lins, 1860-64; Elijah H. Norton, 1860-63; John W. Reid, 1860-61; William A. Hall, 1862-64; Thomas L. Price, 1862, in place of Reid, expelled; Henry T. Blow, 1862-66; Sempronius T. Boyd, elected in 1862, and again in 1868, for two years; Joseph W. McClurg, 1862-66; Austin A. King, 1862-64; Benjamin F. Loan, 1862-69; John G. Scott, 1863, in place of Noel, deceased; John Hogan, 1864-66; Thomas F. Noel, 1864-67; John R. Kelsoe, 1864-66; Robt. T. Van Horn, 1864-71; John F. Benjamin, 1864-71; George W. Anderson, 1864-69; William A. Pile, 1S66-68 ; C. A. Newcomb 1866-68 ; Joseph E. Gravely, 1866- 68 ; James R. McCormack, 1866-73 j John H. Stover, 1867, in place of McClurg, resigned; Erastus Wells, 1868-82; G. A. Finklinburg, 1868-71; Samuel S. Burdett, 1868-71; Joel F. Asper, 1868-70; David P. Dyer, 1868-70; Harrison
E. Havens, 1870-75; Isaac G. Parker, 1870-75; James G. Blair, 1870-72; An- drew King, 1870-72; Edwin O. Stanard, 1872-74; William H. Stone, 1872-78; Robert A. Hatcher, elected 1872; Richard P. Bland, 1872; Thomas Crittenden, 1872-74; Ira B. Hyde, 1872-74; John B. Clark, 1872-78; John M. Glover, 1872; Aylett H. Buckner, 1872; Edward C. Kerr, 1874-78; Charles H. Morgan, 1874; John F. Phelps, 1874; B. J. Franklin, 1874; David Rea, 1874; Rezin A. De- Boet, 1874; Anthony Ittner, 1876; Nathaniel Cole, 1876; Robert A. Hatcher, 1876-78; R. P. Bland, 1876-78; A. H. Buckner, 1876-78; J. B.Clark, jr., 1876- 78 ; T. t. Crittenden, 1876-78; B. J. Franklin, 1876-78 ; Jno. M. Glover, 1876-78;
38
HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
Robt. A. Hatcher, 1876-78; Chas. H. Morgan, 1876-78; L. S. Metcalfe, 1876-78; H. M. Pollard, 1876-78; David Rea, 1876-78; S. L. Sawyer, 1878-80; N. Ford, 1878-82; G. F. Rothwell, 1878-82 ; John B. Clark, jr., 1878 82; W. H. Hatch, 1878-82; A. H. Buckner, 187882 ; M. L. Clardy, 1878-82; R. G. Frost, 187882; L. H. Davis, 1878-82 ; R. P. Bland, 1878-82 ; J. R. Waddill, 1878 80 ; T. Allen, 1880-82 ; R. Hazeltine, 1880-82 ; T. M. Rice, 1880-82 ; R. T. Van Horn, 1880-82.
COUNTIES — WHEN ORGANIZED.
Adair January 29
Andrew January 29
Atchison January 14
Audrain December 17
Barry January 5
Barton December 12
Bates January 29
Benton . , . ; January 3
Bollinger March i
Boone November 16,
Buchanan February 10
Butler February 27
Caldwell December 26
Callaway November 25
Camden January 29
Cape Girardeau October i
Carroll. January 3
Carter March 10,
Cass September 14
Cedar February 14
Chariton November 16
Christian March 8
Clark December 15
Clay .January 2
Clinton January 15
Cole November 16
Cooper December 17,
Crawford January 23
Dade • • . January 29,
Dallas ......... December 10
Daviess December 29,
DeKalb February 25
Dent February 10
Douglas October 19
Dunklin February 14
Franklin December 11
Gasconade November 25
Gentry February 12
Greene January 2
Grundy January 2
Harrison February 14
Henry December 13
Hickory February 14
Holt February 15
Howard January 23
Howell March 2
Iron ........ February 17
Jackson December 15
Jasper January 29
Jefferson December 8
Johnson . December 13
Knox February 14
Laclede February 24
Lafayette November 16
Lawrence February 25
Lewis January 2
Lincoln . . ..... December 14,
841 841
845 836
835 835
841
835 851 820
839 849 836 820 841 812 833 859 835 845 820 860 818 822
833 820 818 829 841
844 836
845 851 857 845 818 820 841 833 843 845 834 845 841 816 857 857 826 841 818 834 845 849 820
845 833 818
Linn January 7,
Livingston January 6,
McDonald March 3,
Macon January 6,
Madison December 14,
Maries March 2,
Marion December 23,
Mercer February 14,
Miller February 6,
Mississippi February 14,
Moniteau February 14,
Monroe January 6,
Montgomery December 14,
Morgan January 5,
New Madrid October i,
Newton December 31,
Nodaway February 14,
Oregon February 14
O-age Jauuary 29,
Ozark January 29,
Pemiscot February 19,
Perry November i6,
Pettis January 26,
Phelps November 13,
Pike December 14,
Flatte December 31,
Polk March 13,
Pulaski Decen.ber 15,
Putnam , . February 28,
Ralls November 16,
Randolph January 22,
Ray November 16,
Reynolds February 25,
Ripley Janu?ry 5,
St. Charles October i,
St. Clair January 29,
St. Francois December 19,
Ste. Genevieve Octo er i,
St. Louis October i,
Saline November 25,
Schuyler February 14,
Scotland January 29,
Scott December 28,
Shannon January 29,
Shelby January 2,
Stoddard ■ January 2,
Stone F"ebruary 10,
Sullivan February 16,
Taney January 16,
Texas February 14,
Vernon February 17,
Warren January 5,
Washington Aufju>t 21,
Wayne . . December II,
Webster Maich 3,
Worth February 8,
Wright January 29,
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 39
CHAPTER VIII. CIVIL WAR IN MISSOURI.
fcrt Sumter fired upon — Call for y^,ooo men — Gov. Jackson refuses to furnish a man — U. S. Arsenal at Liberty, Mo., seized — Proclamation of Gove} nor Jackson — General Order No. 7 — Legislature convenes — Camp Jackson organized^ Stei ling Price appointed Major- Gen- eral— Frost's letter to Lyon — Lyon's letter to Frost — Surrender of Camp Jackson — Procla- mation of Gen. Harney — Conference between Price and Harney — Harney superseded by Lyon — Second Conference — Gov. Jackson bums the bridges behind him — Proclamation of Gov. Jackson — Gen. Blair takes possession of Jefferson City — Proclamation of Lyon — Lyon at Springfield — State offices declared vacant — Gen. Fremont assumes com- mand— Proclamation of Lieut. Gov. Aeynolds — Proclamation of Jeff. Thompson and Gov. Jackson — Death of Gen. Lyon — Succeeded by Sturgis — Proclamation of McCulloch and Gamble — Martial Law declared — 2d Proclamation of Jeff. Thompson — President modifies Fremont's Order — Fremont relieved by Hunter — Proclamation of Price — Hunter's Order of Assessment — Hunter declares Martial Law — Order relating to Newspapers — Halleck succeeds Hunter — Halleck' s Order 81 — Similar order by Halleck — Boone County Standard confiscated — Execution of prisoners at Macon and Palmyra — Gen. Etving's Order No. 11 — Gen. Rosencrans takes command — Massacre at Centralia — Death of Bill Anderson — Gen, Dodge succeeds Gen. Rosencrans — List of Battles,
** Lastly stood war —
With visage grim, stern looks, and blackly hued,
Ah ! why will kings forget that they are men? And men that they are brethren ? Why delight In human sacrifice ? Why burst the ties Of nature, that should knit their souls together In one soft bond of amity and love?"
Fort Sumter was fired upon April 12, 1861. On April 15th, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, calling for 75,000 men, from the militia of the several States to suppress combinations in the Southern States therein named. Simultaneously therewith, the Secretary of War, sent a telegram to all the gov- ernors of the States, excepting those mentioned in the proclamation, requesting them to detail a certain number of militia to serve for three months, Missouri's quota being four regiments.
In response to this telegram, Gov. Jackson sent the following answer :
Executive Department of Missouri, Jefferson City, April 17, 1861. To THE Hon. Simon Cameron,
Secretary of War, Wasliington, D. C. : Sir: Your dispatch of the 15th inst., making a call on Missouri for four regiments of men for immediate service, has been received. There can be, I apprehend, no doubt but these men are intended to form a part of the- President's army to make war upon the people of the seceded States. Your requisition, in my judgment, is illegal, unconstitutional, and cannot be complied with. Not one man will the State of Missouri furnish to carry on such an unholy war.
C. F. Jackson,
Governor of Missouri.
A} ril 21, 1861. U. S. Arsenal at Liberty was seized by order of Governor Jackson.
40 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
April 22, 1861. Governor Jackson issued a proclamation convening the Legis- lature of Missouri, on May following, in extra session, to take into consideration the momentous issues, which were presented, and the attitude to be assumed by the State in the impending struggle.
On the 22nd of April, 1861, the Adjutant-General of Missouri issued the following military order :
Headquarters Adjutant-General's Office, Mo., Jefferson City, April 22, 1861. {General Orders No. 7.) i. 'io attain a greater degree of efficiency and perfection in organization and discipline, the Commanding Officers of the several Military districts in this State, having four or more legally organized companies therein, whose armories are within fifteen miles of each other, will assemble their respective commands at some place to be by them severally designated, on the 3rd day of May, and to go into an encampment for a period of six days, as provided by law. Captains of companies not organized into battalions, will report the strength of their companies immediately to these headquarters, and await further orders.
II. The Quartermaster-General will procure and issue to Quartermasters of Districts, for these commands not now provided for, all necessary tents and camp equipage, to enable the commanding officers thereof to carry the foregoing orders into effect.
III. The Light Battery now attached to the Southwest Battalion, and one company of mounted riflemen, including all officers and soldiers belonging to the First District, will proceed forthwith to St. Louis, and report to Gen. D. M. Frost for duty. The remaining companies of said battalion will be disbanded for the purpose of assistmg in the organization of companies upon that frontier. The details in the execution of the foregoing are intrusted to Lieutenant-Colonel John S. Bowen, commanding the Battalion.
IV. The strength, organization, and equipment of the several companies in the Districts will be reported at once to these Headquarters, and District Inspec- tors will furnish all information which may be serviceable in ascertaining the condition of the State forces.
By order of the Governor.
WARWICK HOUGH,
Adjutant-General of Missouri.
May 2, 1861. The Legislature convened in extra Session. Many acts were passed, among which was one to authorize the Governor to purchase or lease David Ballentine's foundry at Boonville, for the manufacture of arms and munitions of war ; to authorize the Governor to appoint one Major-General ; to authorize the Governor, when, in his opinion, the security and welfare of the State required it, to take possession of the railroad and telegraph lines of the State; to provide for the organization, government, and support of the military forces ; to borrow one million of dollars to arm and equip the militia of the State to repel invasion, and protect the lives and property of the people. An act was also passed creating a "Military Fund," to consist of all the money then in the treasury or that might thereafter be received from the one-tenth of one per cent, on the hundred dollars, levied by act of November, 1S57, to complete certain railroads; also the proceeds of a tax of fifteen cents on the hundred dollars of the assessed value of the taxable property of the several counties in the State, and the proceeds of the two mill tax, which had been theretofore appropriated for educa- tional purposes.
May 3, 1 86 1. ** Camp Jackson," was organized.
May IO, i86r. Sterling Price appointed Major-General of State Guard.
42 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
May lo, 1861. General Frost commanding "Camp Jackson" addressed General N. Lyon, as follows:
Headquarters Camp Jackson, Missouri Militia, may 10, i«6i. Capt. N. Lyon, Commanding U. S. Troops in and about St. Louis Arsenal:
Sir : — I am constantly in receipt of information that you contemplate an at- tack upon my camp, whilst I understand that you are impressed with the idea that an attack upon the Arsenal and United States troops is intended on the part of the Militia of Missouri. I am greatly at a loss to know what could justify you in attacking citizens of the United States, who are in lawful performance of their duties, devolving upon them under the Constitution in organizing and instructing the militia of the State in obedience to her laws, and, therefore, have been dis- posed to doubt the correctness of the information I have received.
I would be glad to know from you personally whether there is any truth in the statements that are constantly pouring into my ears. So far as regards any hostility being intended toward the United States, or its property or representa- tives by any portion of my command, or, as far as I can learn, (and I think I am fully informed.) of any other part of the state forces, I can positively say that the idea has never been entertained. On the contrary prior to your taking com- mand of the Arsenal, I proffered to Mayor Bell, then in command of the very itw troops constituting its guard, the services of myself and all my command, and, if necessary, the whole power of the State, to protect the United States in the full possession of all her property. Upon General Harney taking command of this department, I made the same proffer of services to him, and authorized his Adjutant-General, Capt. Williams, to communicate the fact that such had been done to the War Department. I have had no occasion since to change any of the views I entertained at the time, neither of my own volition nor through orders of my Constitutional commander.
I trust that after this explicit statement that we may be able, by fully under- standing each other, to keep far from our borders the misfortunes which so unhap- pily affect our common country.
This communication will be handed you by Colonel Bowen, my Chief of Staff, who will be able to explain anything not fully set forth in the foregoing.
I am, sir, very respectfully your obedient servant,
BRIGADIER-GENERAL D. M. FROST,
Commanding Camp Jackson, M. V. M.
May loth, 1861. Gen. Lyon sent the following to Gen. Frost:
Headquarters United States Troops, St. Louis, Mo., May 10, 1861. Gen. D. M. Frost, Commanding Camp Jackson :
Sir: — Your command is regarded as evidently hostile toward the Govern- ment of the United States.
It is, for the most part, made up of those Secessionists who have openly avowed their hostility to the General Government, and have been plotting at the seizure of its property and the overthrow of its authority. You are openly in communication with the so-called Southern Confederacy, which is now at war with the United States, and you are receiving at your camp, from the said Confederacy and under its flag, large supplies of the material of war, most of which is known to be the property of the United States. These extraordinary preparations plain- ly indicate none other than the well-known purpose of the Governor of tliis State, under whose orders you are acting, and whose communication to the Legislature has just been responded to by that body in the most unparalleled legislation, hav-
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 43
ing in direct view hostilities to the General Government and co-operation with its enemies.
In view of these considerations, and of your failure to disperse in obedience to the proclamation of the President, and of the imminent necessities of State policy and warfare, and the obligations imposed upon me by instructions from Washington, it is my duty to demand, and I do hereby demand of you an imme- diate surrender of your command, with no other conditions than that all persons surrendering under this command shall be humanely and kindly treated. Believ- ing myself prepared to enforce this demand, one-half hour's time before doing so will be allowed for your compliance therewith.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
N. LYON,
Capt. 2d Infantry, Commanding Troops.
May ID, 1861. Camp Jackson surrendered and prisoners all released except- ing Capt. Emmet McDonald, who refused to subscribe the parole.
May 12, 1 86 1. Brigadier-General Wm. S. Harney issued a proclamation to the people of Missouii, saying " he would carefully abstain from the exercise of any unnecessary powers," and only use "the military force stationed in this dis- trict in the last resort to preserve peace."
May 14, 1861. General Harney issued a second proclamation.
May 21, 1 86 1. General Harney held a conference with General Sterling Price of the Missouri State Guards.
May 31, 1861. General Harney superseded by General Lyon.
June II, 1861. A second conference was held between the National and State authorities in St. Louis, which resulted in nothing.
June II, i86[. Gov. Jackson left St. Louis for Jefferson City, burning the railroad bridges behind him, and cutting telegraph wires.
June 12, 1861. Governor Jackson issued a proclamation calling into active service 50,000 militia, "to repel invasion, protect life, property, etc."
June 15, 1861. Col. F. P. Blair took possession of the State Capital, Gov. Jackson, Gen, Price and other officers having left on the 13th of June for Boon- ville.
June 17, 1 86 1. Battle of Boonville took place between the forces of Gen. Lyon and Col. John S. Marmaduke.
June 18, 1 86 1. General Lyon issued a proclamation to the people of Mis- souri.
July 5, 1861. Battle at Carthage between the forces of Gen. Sigeland Gov. Jackson.
July 6, 1861. Gen. Lyon reached Springfield.
July 22, 1 86 1. State convention met and declared the offices of Governor, Lieutenant-Governor and Secretary of State vacated.
July 26, 1861. Gen. John C Fremont assumed command of the Western Department, with headquarters in St. Louis.
July 31, 1861. Lieutenant-Governor Thomas C. Reynolds, issued a procla- mation at New Madrid.
August I, 1861. General Jeff. Thompson issued a proclamation at Bloom- field.
August 2, 1 86 1. Battle of Dug Springs, between Captain Steele's forces and General Rains.
August 5, 1 86 1. Governor Jackson issued a proclamation at New Madrid.
August 5, 1861. Battle of Athens.
August 10, 1861. Bittle of Wilson's Creek, between the forces under Gen- eral Lyon and General McCulloch. In this engagement General Lyon was killed. General Sturgis succeeded General Lyon.
44 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
August 12, 1864. McCulloch issued a proclamation, and soon left MissourL
August 20, 1864. General Price issued a proclamation.
August 24, 1861. Governor Gamble issued a proclamation calling for 32,000 men for six months to protect the property and lives of the citizens of the State.
August 30, 1 86 1. General Fremont declared martial law, and declared that the slaves of all persons who should thereafter take an active part with the enemies of the Government should be free.
September 2, 1861. General Jeff. Thompson issued a proclamation in re- sponse to Fremont's proclamatioh.
September 7, 1861. Battle at Dry wood creek.
September 11, 1861. President Lincoln modified the clause in Gen. Fre- mont's declaration of martial law, in reference to the confiscation of property and liberation of slaves.
September 12, 1861. General Price begins the attack at Springfield on Colo- nel Mulligan's forces.
September 20, 1861. Colonel Mulligan with 2,640 men surrendered.
October 25, 1861. Second battle at Springfield.
November 2, i?6i. General Fremont succeeded by General David Hunter.
November 7, 1861. General Grant attacked Belmont.
November 9, 1861. General Hunter succeeded by General Halleck, who took command on the 19th of same month, with headquarters in St. Louis.
November 27, 1861. General Price issued proclamation calling for 50,000 men, at Neosho, Missouri.
December 12, 1861. General Hunter issued his order of assessment upon cer- tain wealthy citizens in St. Louis, for feeding and clothing Union refugees.
December 23-25. Declared martial law in St. Louis and the country adja- cent, and covering all the railroad lines.
March 6, 1862. Battle at Pea Ridge between the forces under Generals Curtis and Van Dorn.
January 8, 1862. Provost Marshal Farrar, of St. Louis, issued the following order in reference to newspapers :
Office of the Provost Marshal, General Department of Missouri. St. Louis, January 8, 1862. (General Order No. 10.)
It is hereby ordered that from and after this date the publishers of newspapers in the State of Missouri, (St. Louis City papers excepted), furnish to this office, immediately upon publication, one copy of each issue, for inspection. A failure to comply with this order will render the newspaper liable to suppression.
Local Provost Marshals will furnish the proprietors with copies of this order, and attend to its immediate enforcement,
Bernard G. P'arrar,
Provost Marshal General.
January 26, 1862. General Halleck issued order (No. 18) which forbade, amopg other things, the display of Secession flags in the hands of women or on carriages, in the vicinity of the military prison in McDowell's College, the carriages to be confiscated and the offending women to be arrested.
February 4, 1 862. General Halleck issued another order similar to Order No. 18, to railroad companies and to the professors and directors of the State Univer- sity at Columbia, forbidding the funds of the institution to be used "to teach treason or to instruct traitors."
February 20, 1862. Special Order No. 120 convened a military commission, which sat in Columbia, March following, and tried Edmund J. Ellis, of Columbia,
HISTORY OF MISSOURI, 45
editor and proprietor of ** The Boone County Standard" for the publication of information for the benefit of the enemy, and encouraging resistance to the United States Government. EUis was found guilty, was banished during the war from Missouri, and his printing materials confiscated and sold.
April, 1862. General Halleck left for Corinth, Mississippi, leaving General Schofield in command.
June, 1862, Battle at Cherry Grove between the forces under Colonel Jos. C. Porter and Colonel H. S. Lipscomb.
June, 1862. Battle at Pierce's Mill between the forces under Major John Y. Clopper and Colonel Porter.
July 22, 1862. Battle at Florida.
July 28, 1862. Battle at Moore's Mill.
August 6, 1862. Battle near Kirksville.
August II, 1862. Batde at Independence.
August 16, 1862. Battle at Lone Jack.
September 13, 1862. Battle at Newtonia.
September 25, 1862. Ten Confederate prisoners were executed at Macon by order of General Merrill.
October 18, 1862. Ten Confederate prisoners executed at Palmyra by order of General McNeill.
January 8, 1863. Battle at Springfield between the forces of General Mar- maduke and General E. B. Brown.
April 26, 1863. Battle at Cape Girardeau.
August — , 1863. General Jeff. Thompson captured at Pocahontas, Arkan- sas, with his staff.
August 25, 1863. General Thomas Ewing issued his celebrated Order No. II, at Kansas City, Missouri, which is as follows :
Headquarters District of the Border, ) Kansas City Mo., August 25, 1863. ) (General Order No. 11.)
First. — All persons living in Cass, Jackson and Bates counties, Missouri, and in that part of Vernon included in this district, except those living within one mile of the limits of Independence, Hickman's Mills, Pleasant Hill and Harrison- ville, and except those in that part of Kaw township, Jackson county, north of Brush Creek and west of the Big Blue, embracing Kansas City and Westport, are hereby ordered to remove from their present places of residence within fifteen days from the date hereof.
Those who, within that time, establish their loyalty to the satisfaction of the commanding officer of the military station nearest their present places of residence, will receive from him certificates stating the fact of their loyalty, and the names of the witnesses by whom it can be shown. All who receive such certificate will be permitted to remove to any military station in this district, or to any part of the State of Kansas, except the counties on the eastern borders of the State, All others shall remove out of this district. Officers commanding companies and detach- ments serving in the counties named, will see that this paragraph is promptly obeyed.
Second. — All grain and hay in the field, or under shelter, in the district from which the inhabitants are required to remove within reach of military stations, after the 9th day of September next, will be taken to such stations and turned over to the proper officer there, and report of the amount so turned over made to district headquarters, specifying the names of all loyal owners and the amount of such produce taken from them. All grain and hay found in such district after the 9th day of September next, not convenient to such stations, will be destroyed.
Third. — The provisions of General Order No. 10, from these headquarters,
46
HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
will at once be vigorously executed by officers commanding in the parts of the district, and at the stations not subject to the operations of paragraph First of this Order — and especially in the towns of Independence, Westport and Kansas City.
Fourth — Paragraph 3, General Order No. 10, is revoked as to all who have borne arms against the government in the district since August 20, 1863. By order of Brigadier-General Ewing.
H. HANNAHS, Adjutant.
October 12-13, Battle of Arrow Creek.
January, 1864, General Rosecrans takes command of the Department.
September, 1864, Battle at Pilot Knob, Harrison and Little Morceau River.
October 5, 1864, Battle at Prince's Ford and James Gordon's farm.
October 8, 1864, Battle at Glasgow.
October 20, 1864, Batde at Little Blue Creek.
September 27, 1864, Massacre at Centralia, by Captain Bill Anderson.
October 27, 1864, Capt. Anderson killed.
December — , 1864, General Rosecrans relieved, and General Dodge ap- pointed to succeed him.
Nothing occurred specially, of a military character, in the State after Decem- ber, 1864. We have, in the main, given the facts as they occurred without com- ment or entering into details. Many of the minor incidents and skirmishes of the war have been omitted because of our limited space.
It is utterly impossible, at this date, to give the names and dates of all the batdes fought in Missouri during the civil war. It will be found, however, that the list given below, which has been arranged for convenience, contains the prominent battles and skirmishes which took place within the State :
Potosi, May 14, 1861. Boonville, June 17, 1861. Carthage, July 5, 1861. Monroe Station, July 10, i86i. Overton's Run, July 17, 1861. Dug Spring, August 2, 1861. Wilson's Creek, August 9, 1861. Athens, August 5, 1861. Moreton, August 20, t86i. Bennett's Mills, September — , 1861. Drywood Creek, September 7, 1861. Norfolk, September 10, 1861. Lexington, September 12-20, 1861. Blue Mills Landing, September 17,
1861. Glasgow Mistake, September 20, 1861. Osceola, September 25, 1861. Shanghai, Oct. 13, 1861. Lebanon, Oct. 13, 1861. Linn Creek, Oct. 15, 1861. Big River Bridge, Oct. 15, 1861. Fredericktown, Oct. 21, i86i. Springfield, Oct. 25, 1861. Belmont, Nov. 7, 1861. Piketon, Nov. 8, 1861. Little Blue, Nov. to, 1861. Clark's Station, Nov. 11, 1861. Zion Church, Dec, 28, 1871.
Silver Creek, Jan. 15, 1862. New Madrid, Feb. 28, 1862. Pea Ridge, March 6, 1862. Neosho, April 22, 1862. Rose Hill, July 10, 1862. Chariton River, July 30, 1862. Cherry Grove, June — , 1862. Pierces Mill, June — , 1862. Florida, July 22, 1862. Moore's Mill, July 28, 1862. Kirksville, Aug. 6, 1862. Compton's Ferry, Aug 8, 1862. Yellow Creek, Aug. 13, 1862. Independence, Aug. 11, 1862. Lone Jack, Aug. 16, 1862. Newtonia, Sept. 13, 1862. Springfield, Jan. 8, 1863. Cape Girardeau, April 29, 1863. Arrow Rock, Oct. 12 and 13, 1863. Pilot Knob, Sept, — , 1864. Harrison, Sept. — , 1864. Moreau River, Oct. 7, 1864. Prince's Ford, Oct. 5, 1864, Glasgow, Oct. 8, 1864. Little Blue Creek, Oct. 20, 1864. Albany, Oct. 27, 1864. Near Rocheport, Sept. 23, 1864. Centralia, Sept. 27, 1864.
HISTOKV Ub MISSOURI. 47
CHAPTER IX. EARLY MILITARY RECORD.
B/ack Hawk War — Mormon Difficulties — Florida War — Mexican War.
On the 14th day of May, 1832, a bloody engagement took place between the regular forces of the United States, and a part of the Sacs, Foxes, and Winneba- goe Indians, commanded by Black Hawk and Keokux, near Dixon's Ferry in Illinois,
The Governor (John Miller) of Missouri, fearing these savages would invade the soil of his State, ordered Major-General Richard Gentry to raise one thou- sand volunteers for the defense of the frontier. Five companies were at once raised in Boone county, and in Callaway, Montgomery, St. Charles, Lincoln, Pike, Marion, Ralls, Clay and Monroe other companies were raised.
Two of these companies, commanded respectively by Captain John Jaimison, of Callaway, and Captain David M. Hickman, of Boone county, were mustered into service in July for thirty days, and put under command of Major Thomas W. Conyers.
This detachment, accompanied by General Gentry, arrived at Fort Pike on the 15th of July, 1832. Finding that the Indians had not crossed the Mississippi into Missouri, General Gentry returned to Columbia, leaving the fort in charge of Major Conyers. Thirty days having expired, the command under Major Con- yers was relieved by two other companies under Captains Sinclair Kirtley, of Boone, and Patrick Ewing, of Callaway. This detachment was marched to Fort Pike by Col. Austin A. King, who conducted the two companies under Major Conyers home. Major Conyers was left in charge of the fort, where he remained till September following, at which time the Indian troubles, so far as Missouri was concerned, having all subsided, the frontier forces were mustered out of service.
Black Hawk continued the war in Iowa and Illinois, and was finally defeated and captured in 1833.
MORMON DIFFICULTIES.
In 1832, Joseph Smith, the leader of the Mormons, and the chosen prophet and apostle, as he claimed, of the Most High, came with many followers to Jack- son county, Missouri, where they located and entered several thousand acres of land.
The object of his coming so far West — upon the very outskirts of civilization at that time — was to more securely establish his church, and the more effectively to instruct his followers in its pecuHar tenets and practices.
Upon the present town site of Independence the Mormons located their **Zion," and gave it the name of "The New Jerusalem." They published here The Evening Star, and made themselves generally obnoxious to the Gentiles, who were then in a minority, by their denunciatory articles through their paper, their clannishness and their polygamous practices.
Dreading the demoralizing influence of a paper which seemed to be inspired only with hatred and malice toward them, the Gentiles threw the press and type into the Missouri river, tarred and feathered one of their bishops, and otherwise gave the Mormons and their leaders to understand that they must conduct them- selves in an entirely different manner if they wished to be let alone.
After the destruction of their paper and press, they became furiously incensed, and sought many opportunities for retaliation. Matters continued in an uncertain
48 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
condition until the 31st of October, 1833, when a deadly conflict occurred near Wes'poit, in which two Gentiles and one Mormon were killed.
On the 2d of November following the Mormons were overpowered, and com- pelled to lay down their arms and agree to leave the county with their families by January ist on the condition that the owner would be paid for his printing press.
Leaving Jackson county, they crossed the Missouri and located in Clay, Car- roll, Caldwell and other counties, and selected in Caldwell county a town site, which they called " Far West," and where they entered more land for their future homes.
Through the influence of their missionaries, who were exerting themselves in the East and in difftrent portions of Europe, converts had constantly flocked to their standard, and "Far West," and other Mormon settlements, rapidly prospered.
In 1837 they commenced the erection of a magnificent temple but never finished it. As their settlements increased in numbers, they became bolder in their practices and deeds of lawlessness.
During the summer of 1838 two of their leaders settled in the town of De- Witt, on the Missouri river, having purchased the land from an Illinois merchant. DeWitt was in Carroll county, and a good point from which to forward goods and immigrants to their town — Far West.
Upon its being ascertained that these parties were Mormon leaders, the Gen- tiles called a public meeting, which was addressed by some of the prominent citizens of the county. Nothing, however, was done at this meeting, but at a subsequent meeting, which was held a few days afterward, a committee of citi- zens was appointed to notify Col. Hinkle (one of the Mormon leaders at DeWitt), what they intended to do.
Col. Hinkle upon being notified by this committee became indignant, and threatened extermination to all who should attempt to molest him or the Saints.
In anticipation of trouble, and believing that the Gentiles would attempt to force them from DeWitt, Mormon recruits flocked to the town from every direc- tion, and pitched their tents in and around the town in great numbers.
The Gentiles, nothing daunted, planned an attack upon this encampment, to take place on the 21st day of September, 1838, and, accordingly, one hundred and fifty men bivouacked near the town on that day. A conflict ensued, but nothing serious occurred.
The Mormons evacuated their works and fled to some log houses, where they could tl e more successfully resist the Gentiles, who had in the meaniime returned to their camp to await reinforcements. Troops from Howard, Ray and other counties came to their assistance, and increased their number to five hundred men.
Congreve Jackson was chosen Brigadier-General ; Ebenezer Price, Colonel ; Singleton Vau^han, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Sarchel Woods, Major. After some days of discipline, this brigade prepared for an assault, but before the attack was commenced Judge James Earickson and William F. Dunnica, influential citizens of Howard county, asked permission of General Jackson to let them try and ad- just the difficulties without any bloodshed.
It was finally agreed that Judge Earickson should propose to the Mormons that,, if they would pay for all the cattle they had killed belonging to the citizens, and load iheir wagons during the night and be ready to move by ten o'clock next morning, and make no further attempt to settle in Howard county, the citizens would purchase at first cost their lots in DeWitt and one or two adjoining tracts of land.
Cul. Hinkle, the leader of the Mormons, at first refused all attempts to settle the difficulties in this way, but finally agreed to the proposition.
in aLcorUance therewith, the Mormons without further delay, loaded up their
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 49
wagons for the town of Far West, in Caldwell county. Whether the terms of the agreement were ever carried out, on the part of the citizens, is not known.
The Mormons had doubtless suffered much and in many ways — the result of their own acts — but their trials and sufferings were not at an end.
In 1838 the discord between the citizens and Mormons became so great that Governor Boggs issued a proclamation ordering Major-General David R. Atchi- son to call the militia of his division to enforce the laws. He called out a part of the ist brigade of the Missouri State Militia, under command of General A. W. Doniphan, who proceeded to the seat of war. General John B. Clark, of Howard county was placed in command of the militia.
The Mormon forces numbered about i,ooo men, and were led by G. W. Hinkle. The first engagement occurred at Crooked river, where one Mormon was killed. The principal fight took place at Haughn's Mills, where eighteen Mormons were killed and the balance captured, some of them being killed after they had surrendered. Only one militiaman was wounded.
In the month of October, 1838, Joe Smith surrendered the town of Far West to General Doniphan, agreeing to his conditions, viz. : That they should deliver up their arms, surrender their prominent leaders for trial, and the remainder of the Mormons should, with their families, leave the State. Indictments were found against a number of these leaders, including Joe Smith, who, while being taken to Boone county for trial, made his escape, and was afterward, in 1844, killed at Carthage, Illinois, with his brother Hyrum.
FLORIDA WAR.
In September, 1837, the Secretary of War issued a requisition on Governor Boggs, of Missouri, for six hundred volunteers for service in Florida against the Seminole Indians, with whom the Creek nation had made common cause under Osceola.
The first regiment was chiefly raised in Boone county by Colonel Richard Gentry, of which he was elected Colonel; John W. Price, of Howard county, Lieutenant-Colonel; Harrison H. Hughes, also of Howard, Major. Four com- panies of the second regiment were raised and attached to the first. Two of these companies were composed of Delaware and Osage Indians.
October 6, 1837, Col. Gentry's regiment left Columbia for the seat of war, stopping on the way at Jefferson barracks, where thev were mustered into service.
Arriving at Jackson barracks, New Orleans, they were from thence trans- ported in brigs across the Gulf to Tampa Bay, Florida. General Zachary Taylor, who then commanded in Florida, ordered Col. Gentry to march to Okee-cho-bee Lake, one hundred and thirty-five miles inland by the route traveled. Having reached the Kissemmee river, seventy miles distant, a bloody battle ensued, in which Col. Gentry was killed. The Missourians, though losing their gallant leader, continued the fight until the Indians were totally routed, leaving many of their dead and wounded on the field. There being no further service required of the Missourians, they returned to their homes in 1838.
MEXICAN WAR.
Soon after Mexico declared war, against the United States, on the 8th and 9th of May, 1846, the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma were fought. Great excitement prevailed throughout the country. In none of her sister States however, did the fires of patriotism burn more intensely than in Missouri. Not waitmg for the call for volunteers, the " St. Louis Legion" hastened to the field of conflict. The " Legion" was commanded by Colonel A. R. Easton. During the month of May, 1846, Governor Edwards, of Missouri, called for volunteers to join the " Army of the West," an expedition to Santa Fe — under command of General Stephen W. Kearney.
50 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
Fort Leavenworth was the appointed rendezvous for the volunteers By the i8th of June, the full complement of companies to compose the first regi- ment had arrived from Jackson, Lafayette, Clay, Saline, Franklin, Cole, Howard and Callaway counties. Of this regunent A. W. Doniphan was made Colonel ; C. F. Ruff, Lieutenant-Colonel, and William Gilpin, Major. The battalion of light artillery from St. Louis was commanded by Captains R. A. Weightman and A. W, Fischer, with Major M. L. Clark as field officer; battalions of infantry from Platte and Cole counties commanded by Captains Murphy and W. Z. Augney respectively, and the " Laclede Rangers," from St. Louis, by Captain Thomas B. Hudson, aggregating all told, from Missouri, 1,658 men. In the summer of 1846 Hon. Sterling Price resigned his seat in Congress and raised one mounted regiment, one mounted extra battalion, and one extra battalion of Mor- mon infantry to reinforce the " Army of the West. " Mr. Price was made colonel, and D. D. Mitchell lieutenant-colonel.
In August, 1847, Governor Edwards made another requisition for one thou- sand men, to consist of infantry. The regiment was raised at once. John Dougherty, of Clay county, was chosen colonel, but before the regiment marched the President countermanded the order.
A company of mounted volunteers was raised in Ralls county, commanded by Captain Wm. T. Lalfiand. Conspicuous among the engagements in which the Missouri volunteers participated in Mexico were the battles of Brazito, Sacra- mento, Canada, El Embudo, Taos and Santa Cruz de Rosales. The forces from Missouri were mustered out in 1848, and will ever be remembered in the history of the Mexican war, for
" A thousand glorious actions that might claim Triumphant laurels, and immortal fame."
CHAPTER X. AGRICULTURE AND MATERIAL WEALTH.
Missouri as an Agricultural State — The Different Crops — Live Stock — Horses — Mules — Milch Cows — Oxen and other Cattle — Sheep — ILogs — Comparisons — Missouri Adapted to Live Stock — Cotton — Broom-Corn and other Products — Fruits — Berries — Grapes — Railroads — First Neigh of the ** Iron Horse" in Missouri — Names of Railroads — Manufactures — Great Bridge at St. Louis.
Agriculture is the greatest among all the arts of mkn, as it is the first in supply- ing his necessities. It favors and strengthens population ; it creates and maintains manufactures ; gives employment to navigation and furnishes materials to com- merce. It animates every species of industry, and opens to nations the safest channels of wealth. It is the strongest bond of well regulated society, the surest basis of internal peace, and the natural associate of correct morals. Among all the occupations and professions of life, there is none more honorable, none more independent, and none more conducive to health and happiness.
** In ancient times the sacred plow employ'd The kings, and awful fathers of mankind ; And some, with whom compared, your insect tribes Are but the beings of a summer's day,
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 51
Have held the scale of empire, ruled the storm Of mighty war with unwearied hand, Disdaining little delicacies, seized The plow and greatly independent lived."
As an agricultural region, Missouri is not surpassed by any State in the Union, It is indeed the farmer's kingdom, where he always reaps an abundant harvest. The soil, in many portions of the State, has an open, flexible structure, quickly al^orbs the most excessive rains, and retains moisture with great tenacity. This being the case, it is not so easily affected by drouth. The prairies are covered with sweet, luxuriant grass, equally good for grazing and hay ; grass not surpassed by the Kentucky blue grass — the best of clover and timothy in growing and fat- tening cattle. This grass is now as full of life-giving nutriment as it was when cropped by the buffalo, the elk, the antelope and the deer, and costs the herds- man nothing.
No State or Territory has a more complete and rapid system of natural drainage, or a more abundant supply of pure, fresh water than Missouri. Both man and beast may slake their thirst from a thousand perennial fountains, which gush in limpid streams from the hill-sides, and wend their way through verdant valleys and along smiling prairies, varying in size, as they onward flow, from the diminutive brooklet to the giant river.
Here, nature has generously bestowed her attractions of climate, soil and scenery to please and gratify man while earning his bread in the sweat of his brow. Being thus munificently endowed, Missouri offers superior inducements to the farmer, and bids him enter her broad domain and avail himself of her varied re- sources.
We present here a table showing the product of each principal crop in Missouri for 1878.
Indian Corn 93,062,000 bushels
Wheat 20,196,000 '*
Rye 732,000 "
Oats 19,584,000 '*
Buckwheat 46,400 **
Potatoes 5,415,000 '*
Tobacco 23,023,000 pounds
Hay 1,620,000 tons
There were 3,552,000 acres in corn; wheat, 1,836,000; rye, 48,800: oats, 640,000; buckwheat, 2,900; potatoes, 72,200; tobacco, 29,900; hay, 850,000. Value of each crop: torn, $24,196,224; wheat, $13,531,320; rye, $300,120; oats, $3,325,120; buckwheat, $24, 128; potatoes, $2,057,700; tobacco, $1,151,- 150; hay, $10,416,600.
Average cash value of crops per acre, $7.69; average yield of corn per acre, 26 bushels; wheat, 11 bushels.
Next in importance to the corn crop in value is live stock. The following table shows the number of horses, mules and milch cows in the different States for 1879:
STATES. HORSES. MULES. MILCH COWS.
Maine
New Hampshire . Vermont .... Massachusetts . , Rhode Island . . Connecticut , . ,
81,700 169,100
57.100 98,100
77,400 217,800
131,000 ...... 160,700
16,200 22,000
53;5oo 116,500
62 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
STATES. HORSES. MULES. MILCH COWS.
New York 898,900 11,800 1,446,200
New Jersey . . . . 114,500 14,400 152,200
Pennsylvania .... 614,500 24,900 828,400
Delaware 19,900 4,000 23,200
Maryland 108,600 11,300 100,500
Virginia 208,700 30,600 236,200
North Carolina . . . 144,200 74,000 232,300
South Carolina . . . 59,600 51,500 131,300
Georgia 119,200 97,200 273,100
Florida , 22,400 11,900 70,000
Alabama 112,800 111,700 215,200
Mississippi .... 97,200 100,000 188,000
Louisiana 79,300 80,700 110,900
Texas 618,000 180,200 544,500
Arkansas . . . . • 180,500 89,300 187,70a
Tennessee .... 323,700 ...... 99,700 245,700
West Virginia , , . 122,200 2,400 130,500
Kentucky 386,900 117,800 257,200
Ohio . . , o , . . 772,700 26,700 714,100
Michigan ..... 333,800 4.300 416,900
Indiana 688,800 .>..... 61,200 439,200
Illinois ...... 1,100,000 138,000 702,400
Wisconsin 384,400 8,700 477,300
Minnesota 247,300 7,000 278,900
Iowa 770,700 43,400 676,200
Missouri 627,300 191,900 516,200
Kansas 275,000 50,000 321,900
Nebraska 157,200 13,600 127,600
California 273,000 25,700 459,600
Oregon 109,700 3»5oo .... . . 112,400
Nev., Col. and Ter's . 250,000 25,700 423,600
It will be seen from the above table, that Missouri is the fifth State in the number of horses ; fifth in number of milch-cows, and the leading State in num- ber of mules, having 11,700 more than Texas, which produces the next largest number. Of oxen and other cattle, Missouri produced in 1879, 1,632,000, which was more than any other State produced excepting Texas, which had 4,800,000. In 1879 Missouri raised 2,817,600 hogs, which was more than any other State produced, excepting Iowa. The number of sheep, was 1,296,400. The num- ber of hogs packed in 1879, by the different States, is as follows :
STATES. NO. STATES. NO.
Ohio 932,878 Missouri 965,839
Indiana 622,321 Wisconsin. .,•.,, .472,108
Illinois 3,214,896 Kentucky, ••••••. 212,4x2
Iowa . 569,763
Average weight per head for each State :
STATES. POUNDS. STATES. POUNDS.
Ohio 210.47 Missouri 213.32
Indiana 193.80 Wisconsin. . . • 220.81
Illinois 225.71 Kentucky. ........210.11
Iowa 211.98
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 53
From the above, it will be seen that Missouri annually packs more hogs than any other State excepting Jllinois, and that she ranks third in the average weight.
We see no reason why Missouri should not be the foremost stock-raising State of the Union. In addition to the enormous yield of corn and oats upon which the stock is largely dependent, the climate is well adapted to their growth and health. Water is not only inexhaustible, but everywhere convenient. The ranges for stock are boundless, affording for nine months of the year, excellent pasturage of nutritious wild grasses, which grow in great luxuriance upon the thousand prairies.
Cotton is grown successfully in many counties of the southeastern portions of the State, especially in Stoddard, Scott, Pemiscot, Butler, New Madrid, Law- rence and Mississippi.
Sweet potatoes are produced in abundance and are not only sure but profi- table.
Broom corn, sorghum, castor beans, white beans, peas, hops, thrive well, and all kinds of garden vegetables, are produced in great abundance and are found in the markets during all seasons of the year. Fruits of every variety, including the apple, pear, peach, cherries, apricots and nectarines, are cultivated with great success, as are also, the strawberry, gooseberry, currant, raspberry and black- berry.
The grape has not been produced, with that success that was at first antici- pated, yet the yield of wine for the year 1879, was nearly half a million of gallons. Grapes do well in Kansas, and we see no reason why they should not be as sure- ly and profitably grown in a similar climate and soil in Missouri, and particularly in many of the counties north and east of the Missouri River.
RAILROADS.
Twenty-nine years ago, the neigh of the "iron horse" was heard for the first time, within the broad domain of Missouri. His coming presaged the dawn of a brighter and grander era in the history of the State. Her fertile prairies, and more prolific valleys would soon be of easy access to the oncoming tide of immigration, and the ores and minerals of her hills and mountains would be developed, and utilized in her manufacturing and industrials enterprises.
Additional facilities would be opened to the marts of trade and commerce ; transportation from the interior of the State would be secured; a fresh impetus , would be given to the growth of her towns and cities, and new hopes and inspi- rations would be imparted to all her people.
Since 1852, the initial period of railroad building in Missouri, between four and five thousand miles of track have been laid; additional roads are now being constructed, and many others in contemplation. The State is already well sup- plied with railroads which thread her surface in all directions, bringing her remotest districts into close connection with St. Louis, that great center of west- ern railroads and inland commerce. These roads have a capital stock, aggregat- ing more than one hundred millions of dollars, and a funded debt of about the same amount.
The lines of railroads which are operated in the State are the following :
Missouri Pacific — chartered May loth, 1850; The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, which is a consolidation of the Arkansas Branch; The Cairo, Arkansas & Texas Railroad. The Cairo & Fulton Raiiroad : The St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Railway; St. Louis & San Francisco Railway; The Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad; The Hannibal & St. Joseph Rail- road; The Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad; The Illinois, Missouri & Texas Railroad; The Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad ; The Keokuk & Kansas City Railway Company ; The St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Rail-
54 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
road Company; The Missouri & Western; The St. Louis, Keokuk & North- western Railroad ; The St. Louis, Hannibal & Keokuk Railroad ; The Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railway; The Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad; The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; The Burlington & Southwestern Rail- road.
MANUFACTURES.
The natural resources of Missouri especially fit her for a great manufacturing State. She is rich in soil ; rich in all the elements which supply the furnace, the machine shop and the planing mill; rich in the multitude and variety of her gi- gantic forests; rich in her marble, stone and granite quarries; rich in her mines of iron, coal, lead and zinc; rich in strong arms and willing hands to apply the force; rich in water power and river navigation; and rich in her numerous and well-built railroads, whose numberless engines thunder along their multiplied track- ways.
Missouri contains over fourteen thousand manufacturing establishments, 1,965 of which are using steam and give employment to 80,000 hands. The cap- ital employed is about $100,000,000, the material annually used and worked up, amounts to over $150,000,000 and the value of the products put upon the markets $250,000,000, while the wages paid, are more than $40,000,000.
The leading manufacturing counties of the State, are St. Louis, Jackson, Buc- hanan, St. Charles, Marion, Franklin, Green, Lafayette, Platte, Cape Giardeau, and Boone. Three-fourths, however, of the manufacturing is done in St. Louis, which is now about the second manufacturing city of the Union. Flouring mills produce annually about $38,194,000; carpentering $18,763,000; meat-packing $16,769,000; tobacco $12,496,000; iron and castings $12,000,000; liquors $11,- 245,000; clothing 510,022,000; lumber $8,652,000; bagging and bags $6,914, - 000, and many other smaller industries in proportion.
GREAT BRIDGE AT ST. LOUIS.
Of the many public improvements which do honor to the State and reflect great credit upon the genius of their projectors, we have space only, to mention the great bridge at St. Louis.
This truly wonderful construction is built of tubular steel, total length of which, with its approaches, is 6,277 feet, at a cost of nearly $8,000,000. The bridge spans the Mississippi from the Illinois to the Missouri shore, and has sep- arate railroad tracts, roadways, and foot paths. In durability, architectural beau- ty and practical utility, there is, perhaps, no similar piece of workmanship that approximates it.
The structure of Darius upon the Bosphorus ; of Xerxes upon the Hellespont; of Caesar upon the Rhine ; and Trajan upon the Danube, famous in ancient histo- ry, were built for military purposes, that over them might pass invading armies with their munitions of war, to destroy commerce, to lay in waste the provinces, and to slaughter the people.
But the erection of this was for a higher and nobler purpose. Over it are coming the trade and merchandise of the opulent East, and thence are passing the untold riches of the West. Over it are crowding legions of men, armed not with the weapons of war, but the implements of peace and industry ; men who are skilled in all the arts of agriculture, of manufacture and of mining; men who will hasten *the day when St. Louis shall rank in population and importance, sec- ond to no city on the continent, and when Missouri shall proudly fill the measure of greatness, to which she is naturally so justly entitled.
HISTOKV OF MISSOURI. 55
CHAPTER XI. EDUCATION.
Public School System — Public School System of Missouri — Lincoln Institute — Officers of Publit School System — Certificates of Teachers — University of Missouri — Schools — Colleges — InstilU' tions of Learning— Location — Libraries — Newspapers and Periodicals — No. of School Chil- dren— Amount Expended — Value of Grounds and Buildings — **The Press."
The first constitution of Missouri provided, that "one school or more, shall be estabUshed in each township, as soon as practicable and necessary, where the poor shall be taught gratis."
It will be seen that even at that early day, (1820), the framers of the con- stitution made provision for at least a primary education, for the poorest and the humblest, taking it for granted that those who were able would avail themselves of educational advantages which were not gratuitous.
The establishment of the public school system in its essential features, was not perfected until 1839, during the administration of Governor Boggs, and since that period, the system has slowly grown into favor, not only in Missouri, but throughout the United States. The idea of a free or public school for all classes was not at first a popular one, especially among those who had the means to pat- ronize private institutions of learning. In upholding and maintaining public schools, the opponents of the system felt that they were not only compromising their own standing among their more wealthy neighbors, but that they were to some extent, bringing opprobrium upon their children. Entertaining such preju- dices they naturally thought that the training received in public schools, could not be otherwise than defective, hence many years of probation passed, before the popular mind was prepared to appreciate the benefits and blessings which spring from these institutions.
Every year only adds to their popularity, and commends them the more earnestly to the fostering care of our State and National Legislatures, and to the esteem and favor of all classes of our people.
We can hardly conceive of two grander and more potent promoters of civili- zation, than the free school and the free press. They would indeed seem to con- stitute all that was necessary to the attainment of the happiness and intellectual growth of the Republic and all that was necessary to broaden, to liberalize and instruct.
'*Tis education forms the common mind;
5fe *k jfe "^(^ ik ik sli
*' For noble youth there is nothing so meet As learning is, to know the good from ill; To know the tongues, and perfectly indite, And of the laws to have a perfect skill. Things to reform as right and justice will, For honor is ordained for no cause But to see right maintained by the laws."
All the States of the Union, have in practical operation the public school system, governed in the main by similar laws, and not differing materially in the manner and methods by which they are taught, but none have a wiser, a more Hberal and comprehensive machinery of inbiruction than Missouri. Her school laws since 1839, have undergone many changes, and always for the better, keep-
56 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
ing pace with the most enlightened and advanced theories of the most experienc- ed educators in the land. But not until 1875, when the new constitution was adopteJ, did her present admirable system of public instruction go into effect.
Provisions were made not only for white, but for children of African descent, and are a part of the organic law, not subject to the caprices of unfriendly legisla- tures, or the whims of political parties. The Lincoln Institute, located at Jeffer- son Ci y, for the education of colored teachers, receives an annual appropriation from the General Assembly.
For the support of the public schools, in addition to the annual income de- rived from the public school fund, which is set apart by law, not less than twenty- five p^r cent, of the State revenue, exclusive of the interest and sinking fund, is annually applied to this purpose.
The officers having in charge the public school interests, are the State "Board of Education;" the State Superintendent; County Superintendent; County Clerk and Treasurer; Board of Directors; City and Town School Board; and Teacher. The State Board of Education is composed of the State Superin- tendent, the Governor, Secretary of State and the Attorney General, the execu- tive officer of this Board, being the State Superintendent, who is chosen by the people every four years. His duties are nlimerous. He renders decisions con- cerning the local application of school law ; keeps a record of all the school funds and annually distributes the same to the counties ; supervises the work of county school officers ; delivers lectures ; visits schools ; distributes educational informa- tion ; grants certificates of higher qualifications ; and makes an annual report to the General Assembly of the condition of the schools.
The County Superintendents are also elected by the people for two years. Their work is to examine teachers, to distribute blanks and make reports. Coun- ty clerks receive estimates from the local directors and extend them upon the tax-books. In addition to this, they keep the general records of the county and township school funds, and return an annual report of the financial condition of the schools of their county to the State Superintendent. School taxes are gather- ed with other taxes by the county collector. The custodian of the school funds belonging to the schools of the counties, is the county treasurer, except in coun- ties adopting the township organization, in which case, the township trustee discharges these duties.
Districts organized under the special law for cities and towns are governed by a board of six directors, two of whom are selected annually, on the second Sat- urday in September, and hold their office for three years.
One director is elected to serve for three years in each school district, at the annual meeting. These directors may levy a tax not exceeding forty per cent, on the one hundred dollars valuation, provided such annual rates for school purposes may be increased in districts formed of cities and towns, to an amount not to ex- ceed one dollar on the hundred dollars valuation ; and in other districts to an amount not to exceed sixty five cents on the one hundred dollars valuation, on the condi- tion that a majority of the voters who are tax-payers, voting at an election held to decide the question, vote for said increase. For the purpose of erecting public buildings in school districts, the rates of taxation thus limited, may be increased when the rate of such increase and the purpose for which it is intended shall have been submitted to a vote of the people, and two-thirds of the qualified voters of such school district voting at such election shall vote therefor.
Local directors may direct the management of the school in respect to the choice of teachers and other details, but in the discharge of all important business, such as the erection of a school house or the extension of a term of school beyond the constitutional period, they simply execute the will of the people. The clerk of this board may be a director. He keeps ;> record of the names of all the chil- dren and youth in the district between the ages of five and twenty-one; records
58 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
all business proceedi'igs of the district, and reports to the annual meeting, to the County Licrk. and County Superintendents.
Teachers must hold a certificate from the State Superintendent or County Commissioner of the county where they teach. State certificates are granted upon personal written examinations in the common branches, together with the natural sciences and higher mathematics. The holder of such certificate may teach in any public school of the State without further examination. Certificates granted by County Commissioners are of two classes, with two grades in each class Those issued for a longer term than one year, belong to the first class and are suscepti- ble of two grades, differing both as to length of time and attainments. Those issued for one year may represent two grades, marked by qualification alone. The township school fund arises from a grant of land by the General Government, consisting of section sixteen in each congressional township. The annual income of the township fund is appropriated to the various townships, according to their respective proprietary claims. The support from the permanent funds is supple- mented by direct taxation laid upon the taxable property of each district. The greatest limit of taxation for the current expenses is one per cent. ; the tax per- mitted for school-house building cannot exceed the same amount.
Among the institutions of learning and ranking, perhaps, the first in impor- tance, is the State University located at Columbia, Boone county. When the State was admitted into the Union, Congress granted to it one entire township of land (46,080 acres) for the support of " A Seminary of Learning." The lands secured for this purpose are among the best and most valuable in the State. These lands were put upon the market in 1832 and brought $75,000, which amount was invested in the stock of the old bank of the State of Missouri, where it remained and increased by accumulation to the sum of $100,000. In 1839 by an act of the General Assembly, five commissioners were appointed to select a site for the State University, the site to contain at least fifty acres of land in a com- pact form, within two miles of the county seat of Cole, Cooper, Howard, Boone, Callaway or Saline. Bids were let among the counties named and the county ot Boone having subscribed the sum of $117, 921, some $18,000 more than any other county, the State University was located in that county, and on the 4th of July, 1840, the corner-stone was laid with imposing ceremonies.
The present annual income of the University is nearly $65,000. There are still unsold about 200,000 acres of land from the grant of 1862. The donations to the institutions connected therewith amount to nearly $400,000. This Uni- versity with its different departments, is opened to both male and female and both sexes enjoy alike its rights and privileges. Among the professional schools, which form a part of the University, are the Normal, or College of Instruction in Teaching; the Agricultural and Mechanical College; the School of Mines and Metallurgy; the College of Law ; the Medical College; and the Department ot Analytical and Applied Chemistry. Other departments are contemplated and will be added as necessity requires.
The following will show the names and locations of the schools and institu- tion of the State as reported by the Commissioner of Education in 1875 :
UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES.
Christian University Canton.
St. Vincent's College Cape Girardeau.
University of Missouri Columbia.
Central College Fayette.
Westminster College Fulton.
Lewis College Glasgow.
Pritchett School Institute Glasgow.
Lincoln College Greenwood.
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 59
Hannibal College Hannibal,
Woodland College , Independence.
Thayer College Kidder.
La Grange College ••..La Grange.
William Jewell College • Liberty.
Biptist College Louisiana.
St. Joseph College St. Joseph.
College of Christian Brothers St. Louis.
Si:. Louis University St. Louis.
Washington University • * St. Louis.
Drury College =. Springfield.
Central Wesleyan College Warrenton.
FOR SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OP WOMEN.
St. Joseph Female Seminary St. Joseph.
CJhristian College Columbia.
Stephens' College Columbia.
Howard College Fayette.
Independence Female College , Independence.
Central Female College Lexington.
Clay Seminary Liberty.
Ingleside Female College • Palmyra.
Linden Wood College for Young Ladies St Charles.
Mary Institute (Washington University) St. Louis.
St. Louis Seminary St. Louis.
UrsuHne Academy .,,, ......St. Louis.
FOR SECONDARY INSTRUCTION.
Arcadia College Arcadia.
St. Vincent's Academy Cape Girardeau.
Chillicothe Academy Chillicothe.
Grand River College Edinburgh.
Marionville Collegiate Institute Marionville.
Palmyra Seminary Palmyra.
St. Paul's College Palmyra.
Van Rensselaer Academy Rensselaer.
Shelby High School Shelbyville.
Stewartville Male and Female Seminary Stewartsville.
SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE.
Missouri Agricultural and Mechanical College (University of Missouri) . Columbia.
Schools of Mines and Metallurgy (University of Missouri) Columbia.
Polytechnic Institute (Washington University) St. Louis.
SCHOOLS OF THEOLOGY.
St. Vincent's College (Theological Department) Cape Girardeau.
Westminster College (Theological School) Fulton
Vardeman School of Theology (William Jewell College) Liberty.
Concordia College St. Louis.
SCHOOLS OF LAW.
Law School of the University of Missouri Columbia.
Law School of the Washington University • • . . . St. Louis.
60 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
• SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE.
Medical College, University of Missouri Columbia.
College of Physicians and Surgeons St. Joseph.
Kansas City College of Physicians and Surgeons Kansas City.
Hospital Medical College St. Joseph.
Missouri Medical College St. Louis.
Northwestern Medical College St. Joseph.
St. Louis Medical College St. Louis.
Homeopathic Medical College of Missouri St. Louis.
Missouri School of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children . St. Louis.
Missouri Central College St. Louis.
St. Louis College of Pharmacy St. Louis.
LARGEST PUBLIC LIBRARIES. NAME. LOCATION VOLUMES,
St. Vincent's College Cape Girardeau S^Soo
Southeast Missouri State Normal School . . . Cape Girardeau 1,225
University of Missouri Columbia 10,000
Athenian Society Columbia 1,200
Union Literary Society . ..,,.,,, 'Columbia 1,200
Law College , Columbia 1,000
Westminster College Fulton 5,000
Lewis College Glasgow 3,000
Mercantile Library Hannibal 2,219
Library Association Independence i.ioo
Fruitland Normal Institute Jackson 1,000
State Library Jefferson City 13,000
Fetterman's Circulating Library Kansas City 1,300
Law Library Kansas City 3,000
Whittemore's Circulating Library Kansas City 1,000
North Missouri State Normal School .... Kirksville 1,050
William Jewell College Liberty . . . ., 4,000
St. Paul's College Palmyra 2,000
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy . . RoUa 1,478
St. Charles Catholic Library St. Charles 1,716
Carl Frielling's Library St. Joseph. ....... 6,000
Law Library St. Joseph 2,000
Public School Library St. Joseph 2,500
Walworth & Colt's Circulating Library . . .St. Joseph 1,500
Academy of Science St Louis 2,744
Academy of Visitation St. Louis 4,000
College of the Christian Brothers St. Louis 22,000
Deutsche Institute St. Louis 1,000
German Evang. Lutheran, Concordia College . St. Louis 4,800
Law Library Association St. Louis 8,000
Missouri Medical College St. Louis 1,000
Mrs. Cuthberts Seminary (Young Ladies) . . St. Louis 1,500
Odd Fellows Library St. Louis 4,000
Public School Library St. Louis 40,097
St. Louis Medical College St. Louis 1,100
St. Louis Mercantile Library St. Louis 45,000
St. Louis Seminary St. Louis 2,000
St. Louis Turn Verein St. Louis 2,000
St. Louis University St. Louis 17,000
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 61
NAME. LOCATION^ VOLt^MES.
St. Louis University Society Libraries . . . .St. Louis 8,000
Ursuline Academy St. Louis . , 2,000
Washington University St. Louis 4,500
St. Louis Law School St. Louis 3,000
Young Men's Sodality . St. Louis 1-327
Library Association Sedalia 1,500
Public School Library Sedalia 1,015
Drury College Springfield 2,000
IN 1880. Newspapers and Periodicals 481
CHARITIES.
State Asylum for Deaf and Dumb Fulton.
St. Bridget's Institution for Deaf and Dumb St. Louis.
Institution for the Education of the Blind St. Louis.
State Asylum for Insane Fulton.
State Asylum for the Insane , . St. Louis.
NORMAL SCHOOLS.
Normal Institute Bolivar.
Southeast Missouri State Normal School Cape Girardeau.
Normal School (University of Missouri) Columbia^
Fruitland Normal Institute Jackson.
Lincoln Institute (for colored) Jefferson City.
City Normal School St. Louis.
Missouri State Normal School Warrensburg.
IN 1880. Number of School Children
IN 1878.
Estimated value of School Property $8,321,399
Total Receipts for Public Schools 4,207,617
Total Expenditures 2,406,139
NUMBER OF TEACHERS.
Male Teachers 6,239; average monthly pay. , , , .$36.86.
Female Teachers 5, 060; average monthly pay 28.09.
The fact that Missouri supports and maintains four hundred and seventy-one newspapers and periodicals, shows that her inhabitants are not only a reading and reflecting people, but that they appreciate ** The Press," and its wonderful influ- ence as an educator. The poet has well said :
But mightiest of the mighty means, On which the arm of progress leans, Man's noblest mission to advance, His woes assuage, his weal enhance. His rights enforce, his wrongs redress-— Mightiest of mighty is the Press.
62 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
CHAPTER XII. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.
Baptist Church — Its History — Congregational— When Founded — Its History — Christian Church — Its History — Cumberland Presbyterian Church — Its History — Methodist Episcopal ChurcH — Its History — Presbyterian Church — Its History — Protestant Episcopal Church — Its History — United Presbyterian C/iurch — Its History — Unitarian Church — Its History — Roman Cath olic Church — Its History.
The first representatives of religious thought and training, who penetrated the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys, were Pere Marquette, La Salle and others of Catholic persuasion, who performed missionary labor among the Indians. A century afterward came the Protestants. At that early period
**A church in every grove that spread Its living roof above their heads."
constituted for a time, their only house of worship, and yet to them
**No Temple built with hands could vie In glory with its majesty."
In the course of time, the seeds of Protestantism were scattered along the shores of the two great rivers which form the eastern and western boundaries of the State, and still a little later they were sown upon her hill-sides and broad prairies, where they have since bloomed and blossomed as the rose.
BAPTIST CHURCH.
The earliest Anti- Catholic religious denomination, of which there is any record, was organized in Cape Girardeau county in 1806, through the efforts of Rev. David Green, a Baptist, and a native of Virginia. In 1816, the first associa- tion of Missouri Baptists was formed, which was composed of seven churches, all of which were located in the southeastern part of the State. In 181 7 a second association of churches was formed, called the Missouri Association, the name being afterwards changed to St. Louis Association. In 1834, a general conven- tion of all the churches of this denomination, was held in Howard County, for the purpose of effecting a central organization, at which time; was commenced what is now known, as the "General Association of Missouri Baptists."
To this body, is committed the State mission work, denominational educa • tion, foreign missions and the circulation of religious literature. The BaptisI Church has under its control, a number of schools and colleges, the most import- ant of which is William Jewell College, located at Liberty, Clay County. As shown by the annual report for 1875, there were in Missiouri, at that date, sixty- one associations, one thousand four hundred churches, eight hundred and twenty- four ministers and eighty-nine thousand six hundred and fifty church members.
CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH,
The Congregationalists inaugurated their missionary labors in the State in 1814. Rev. Samuel J. Mills, of Torringford, Connecticut, and Rev. Daniel Smith, of Bennington, Vermont, were sent west by the Massachusetts Congrega- tion Home Missionary Society during that year, and in November, 1814, they preached the first regular Protestant sermons ih St. Louis. Rev. Salmon Gid- dings, sent out under the auspices of the Connecticut Congregational Missionary
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 63
Society, organized the first Protestant church in the city, consisting often members, constituted Presbyterian. The churches organized by Mr. Giddings were all Presbyterian in their order.
No exclusively Congregational Church was founded until 1852, when the *'First Trinitarian Congregational Church of St. Louis" was organized. The next church of this denoiiunation was organized at Hannibal in 1859. Then followed a Welsh church in New Cambria in 1864, and after the close of the war, fifteen churches of the same order were formed in different parts of the State. In 1866, Pilgrim Church, St. Louis, was organized. The General Conference of Churches of Missouri was formed in 1865, which was changed in 1868, to Gener- al Association. In 1866, Hannibal, Kidder, and St. Louis District Associations were formed, and following these, were the Kansas City and Springfield District Associations.' This denomination in 1875, had 70 churches, 41 ministers, 3,363 church members, and had also several schools and colleges and one monthly newspaper.
CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
The earliest churches of this denomination were organized in Callaway, Boone and Howard Counties, some time previously to 1829. The first church was formed in St. Louis in 1836 by Elder R. B. Fife. The first State Sunday School Convention of the Christian Church, was held in Mexico in 1876. Be- sides a number of private institutions, this denomination has three State Institu- tions, all of which have an able corps of professors and have a good attendance of pupils. It has one religious paper published in St. Louis, '■'■The Christian,'^ which is a weekly publication and well patronized. The membership of this church now numbers nearly one hundred thousand in the State and is increasing rapidly. It has more than five hundred organized churches, the greater portion of which are nofth of the Missouri River.
CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
In the spring of 1820, the first Presbytery of this denomination west of the Mis- sissippi, was organized in Pike County. This Presbytery included all the territory of Missouri, western Illinois and Arkansas and numbered only four ministers, two of whom resided at the time in Missouri. There are now in the State, twelve Presbyteries, three Synods, nearly three hundred ministers and over twenty thou- sand members. The Board of Missions is located at St. Louis. They have a number of High Schools and two monthly papers published at St. Louis.
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
In 1806, Rev. John Travis, a young Methodist minister, was sent out to the "Western Conference" which then embraced the Mississippi 'Valley, from Green County, Tennessee. During that year Mr. Travis organized a number of small churches. At the close of his conference year, he reported the result of his labors to the Western Conference, wliich was held at Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1870, and showed an aggregate of one hundred and six members and two circuits, one called Missouri and the other Meramec. In 1808, two circuits had been formed, and at each succeeding year the number of circuits and members constantly in- creased, until 181 2, when what was called the Western Conference was divided into the Ohio and Tennessee Conferences, Missouri falling into the Tennessee Conference. In 18 16, there was another division when the Missouri Annual Con- ference was formed. In 1810, there were four travehng preachers and in 1820, fifteen traveling preachers, with over 2,000 members. In 1836, the territory of the Missouri Conference was again divided when the Missouri Conference includ- ed only the State. In 1840 there were 72 traveling preachers, 177 local ministers and 13,992 church members. Between 1840 and 1850, the church was divided
64 HISTORY OF MISSOURI.
by the organization of the Methodist Episcopal Church South. In 1850, the mem- bership of the M. E. Church was over 25,000, and during the succeeding ten years the church prospered rapidly. In 1875, the M. E. Church reported 274 church edifices and 34,156 members; the M. E. Church, South, reported 443 church edifices and 49,588 members. This denomination has under its control several schools and colleges and two weekly newspapers.
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
The Presbyterian Church dates the beginning of their missionary efforts in the State as far back as 18 14, but the first Presbyterian Church was not organized until 18 1 6 at Bellevue settlement eight miles from St. Louis. The next churches were formed in 18 16 and in 181 7 at Bonhomme, Pike County. The First Pres- byterian Church was organized in St. Louis in 1817, by Rev. Salmon Giddng. The first Presbytery was organized in 181 7 by the Synod of Tennessee with four ministers and four churches. The first Presbyterian house of worship (which was the first Protestant) was commenced in 17 19 and completed in 1826. In 1820 a mission was formed among the Osage Indians. In 1831, the Presbytery was divided into three : Missouri, St. Louis and St. Charles. These were erected with a Synod comprising eighteen ministers and twenty-three churches.
The church was divided in 1838, throughout the United States. In i860 the rolls of the Old and New School Synods together showed 109 ministers and 146 churches. In 1866 the Old School Synod was divided on political questions springing out of the war — a part forming the Old School, or Independent Synod of Missouri, who are connected with the General Assembly South. In 1870, the Old and New School Presbyterians united, since which time this Synod has stead- ily increased until it now numbers more than 12,000 members with more than 220 churches and 150 ministers.
This Synod is composed of six Presbyteries and has under its control one or two institutions of learning and one or two newspapers. That part of the origi- nal Synod which withdrew from the General Assembly remained an independent 'body until 1874 when it united with the Southern Presbyterian Church. The Synod in 1875 numbered 80 ministers, 140 churches and 9,000 members. It has under its control several male and female institutions of a high order. The St Louis Presbyterian, a weekly paper, is the recognized organ of the Synod.
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH,
The missionary enterprises of this church began in the State in 1819, when a parish was organized in the City of St. Louis. In 1828, an agent of the Do- mestic and Foreign Missionary Society, visited the city, who reported the condi- tion of things so favorably that Rev. Thomas Horrell was sent out as a missionary and in 1825, he began his labors in St. Louis. A church edifice was completed in 1830. In 1836, there were five clergyman of this denomination in Missouri, who had organized congregations in Boonville, Fayette, St. Charles, Hannibal and other places. In 1840, the clergy and laity met in convention, a diocese was formed, a constitution and canons adopted, and in 1844 a Bishop was chosen, he being the Rev. Cicero S. Hawks.
Through the efforts of Bishop Kemper, Kemper College was founded near St. Louis, but was afterward given up on account of pecuniary troubles. In 1847, the Clark Mission began and in 1849 the Orphans Home, a charitable in- stitution was founded. In 1865, St. Luke's Hospital was established. In 1875, there were in the city of St. Louis, twelve parishes and missions and twelve cler- gymen. This denomination has several schools and colleges, and one newspaper.
UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
This denomination is made up of the member of the Associate and Associate Reformed churches of the Northern States, which two bodies united in 1858, taking
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 65
the name of United Presbyterian Church of North America. Its members were generally bitterly opposed to the institution of slavery. The first congregation was organized at Warrensburg, Johnson county in 1867. It rapidly increased in numbers, and had, in 1875, ten ministers and five hundred members.
UNITARIAN CHURCH.
Tliis church was formed in 1834, by Rev. \V. G. Eliot, in St. Louis. The churches are few in number throughout the State, the membership being probably less than 300, all told. It has a mission house and free school, for poor children, supported by donations.
ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.
The earliest written record of the Catholic Church in Missouri shows that Father Watrin performed ministerial services in Ste. Genevieve, in 1760, and in St. Louis in 1766. In 1770, Father Meurin erected a small log church in St. Louis. In 18 1 8, there were in the State, four chapels, and for Upper Louisiana, seven priests. A college and seminary were opened in Perry county about this period, for the education of the young, being the first college west of the Missis- sippi River. In 1824, a college was opened m St. Louis, which is now known as the St. Louis University. In 1826, Father Rosatti was appointed Bishop of St. Louis, and, through his instrumentality, the Sisters of Charity, Sisters of St. Joseph and of the Visitation were founded, besides other benevolent and charita- ble institutions. In 1834 he completed the present Cathadral Church. Churches were built in different portions of the State. In 1847 St. Louis was created an arch-diocese, with Bishop Kenrick, Arch-Bishop.
In Kansas City there are five parish churc'ies, a hospital, a convent and sev- eral parish schools. In 1868 the northwestern portion of the State was erecte 1 into a separate diocese, with its seat at St. Joseph, and Right-Reverend John J. Hogan appointed Bishop. There were, in 1875, ^^ '^he City of St, Louis, 34 churches, 27 schools, 5 hospitals, 3 colleges, 7 orphan asylums and 3 female pro- tectorates. There were also 105 priests, 7 male, and 13 female orders, and 20 conferences of St. Vincent de Paul, numbering 1,100 members. In the diocese, outside of St. Louis, there is a college, a male protectorate, 9 convents, about 120 priests, 150 churches and 30 stations. In the diocese of St. Joseph there were, in 1875, 21 priests, 29 churches, 24 stations, i college, i monastery, 5 convents and 14 parish schools.
Number of Sunday Schools in 1878 2,067
Number of Teachers in 1878 , 18,010
Number of Pupils in 1878 I39>578
THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS.
Instruction preparatory to ministerial work is given in connection with col- legiate study, or in special theological courses, at :
Central College, (M. E. South) Fayette.
Central Wesleyan College (M. E. Church) , Warrenton.
Christian Univesity (Christian) Canton.
Concordia College Seminary TEnvangelical Lutheran) St. Louis.
Lewis College (M. E. Church) Glasgow.
St. Vincent's College (Roman Catholic) Cape Girardeau.
Vardeman School of Theology (Baptist) Liberty.
The last is connected with William Jewell College.
History of St. Louis.
ST. LOUIS.
Her First Settlement— Arrival of the First Steamboat — Removal of the Capital to Jefferson Citif — When Incorporated — Population by Decades — First Lighted b;/ Gas — Death of one of her Founders, Pierre Chouteau — Cemeteries — Financial Crash — Bondholders and Coupon-clippers — Value of Peal and Personal Property — Manufacturers— Criticism.
It was nearly a century and a quarter ago that St. Louis's first arrival proclaimed the site of the future metropolis of the Mississippi Yalley, In 1762 M. Pierre Laclede Liquestc and his two comi^anions, Auguste and Pierre Chouteau, landed upon the site which was destined to become a great city. They were the avant-couriers and principal members of a com- pany which had certain privileges secured to them by the governor of the Territory of Louisiana, which then included the whole of Missouri, that of tradino" with the Indians, and which was known as the Louisiana Fur Corn- pan}^, with the privilege further granted of establishing such posts as their business might demand west of the Mississippi and on the Missouri rivers. They had been -on a prospecting tour and knew something of the country, and on February 15, 1774, Laclede, with the above named companions, took possession of the ground which is now the city of St. Louis. They estab- lished a trading-post, took formal possession of the country and called theii post St. Louis. In 1768 Captain Rios took possession of the post as a part of Spanish territory, ceded to it by France by the treaty of Paris, and it re- mained under the control of successive Spanish governors until March 10, 1804. The Spanish government, by the treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, retroceded the territoi-y to France, and, by purchase, France ceded the whole country to the United States, April 30, 1803. In October of the same year Congress passed an act approving the purchase, and authorizing the presi- dent to take possession of the country or Territory of Louisiana. This was done February 15, 1804, when Captain Amos Stoddard, of the United States army, and the agent of the United States, received from Don Carlos De- hault Delapus, a surrender of the post of St. Louis and the Territory of Upper Louisiana. On the 10th of March the keys to the government house and the archives and public property were turned over or delivered to the representati\'e of the United States, the Spanish flag was lowered, the stars
HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. 67
and stripes thrown to the breeze, accompanied with the roar of artillery and music, and the transfer was complete. In 1805 St. Louis had its first post-f ofiice established, and the place was incorporated as a town in 1809. It did not grow very fast, but was the recoo^nized headquarters for the territor}' of the west and northwest. The French from Indiana and other points bad settled there, and the town was decidedly French in its character and population. The Missouri Fur Company which had its headquarters there was organized in 1808, of which Pierre Chouteau was the head. His associates were Manuel Lisa, Win. Clark, Sylvester Labadie, and others, and such familiar names as the Astors, Bent, Sublette, Cabanne, General Ashly and Robert Campbell were prominentlj^ identified with the town and its progress. The fivst paper was issued July 2, 1808.
In 1812 the Territor}'^ of Louisiana, or that part north, was changed and named the Territory of Missouri, and was given Territorial rights, with a representation on the floor of Congress. St. Louis was the seat of the Ter- ritorial government until 1820, and the first legislature met in that town, and part of its proceedings was the removal of the seat of the government to St. Charles, where it remained until located at Jeflerson Citj^ in 1826. In 1822 St. Louis began to take on more style, and was incorporated as a city December 9th of that year. There had been a bank established in
1817, and quite a large number of business houses were built and occupied, and a number of loan oflices chartered. When St. Louis became an Ameri- can city her population was 925; this was in 1804. When the Territory was named Missouri, and she was the seat of government in 1812, her pop- ulation had reached 2,000. William Deckers laid the first pavement in
1818. A ferry had been started in 1804:. TJie first steamboat arrived in 1817. It was a low-pressure steamboat, built at Pittsburgh, and named the Generibl Pike. It arrived August 2d, and was greeted by the entire popula- tion, who gazed upon her with wonder and astonishment. The Indians were a badly scared crowd, and could not be induced to come near it. The first steamboat stemmed the tide of the Missouri in 1819, and the same year the first steamboat from ITew Orleans put in its appearance at St. Louis. It was twenty-seven days en route.
BOUNDARIES AND INC0RP0RA.TI0N.
In 1820 the population had reached 4,928, and when incorporated in 1822 was believed to number about 5,000, not much immigration having come in. The boundary lines of the city when she received her charter were defined as follows: The line commencing at the middle of Mill Creek, just below the gas works, thence west to Seventh Street and up Seventh Street to a point due west of " Roy's Tower," thence to th^ river. The city plat embraced 385 acres of ground.
The first church was built in 1824, and was of the Presbyterian denomi- nation. The second was an Episcopal Church, erected in 1825. A new
68 HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS.
court-house was built in 1827, and also a market-house. These old-time landmarks have loui^ since disappeared, and no mark is left to tell the tale of their being. The spot or location is recorded, but what that availeth is not of comprehension to the generation of to-day.
ADVANCEMENT.
The first brick house was said to have been erected in 1814. The first mayor of the city was "Wm. C. Lane. The St. Louis University was founded in 1829; the Catholic Cathedral was completed in 1832 and consecrated by Bishop Rosetti.
In 1833 the population of St. Louis was about six thousand, and the tax- able property, real and personal, aggregated $2,745,000. St. Louis, like all other cities, felt the blighting efi'ects of the financial crash of 1837, still her progress was not wholly checked. Her vitality was great and her resources spread over the territory, in many cases, out of the reach of tlie troubles of the times. Her fur trade was immense and the crash had little to do with that, so that while she felt the depression in her financial circles, her commercial prosperity was in no wise checked. There is very little more in the history of St. Louis to record than the noting of her general prosper- ity and steady onward progress for the next decade.
Her population in 1840 had risen to 16,469, and in 1844, 34,110. Tlie poi^ulation had more than doubled in four years. Fine buildings had arisen in place of the old fur warehouses of the early French settlers. Stately res- idences appeared in the suburbs; and in all that gave promise of a great and influential city, she had advanced and was advancing rapidly. The Mercantile Library was founded in 1848, and gas had been introduced the year pre- vious, the city being first lighted on the night of ISToveraber 4, 1847. Li the great cholera year, 1849, the disease assumed an epidemic form, and of that dread scourge the people had a fearful experience. The progress of St. Louis had been handsomely commemorated on the eighty-third anniversary of its founding, the date being February 15, 1847. Among the living, and the only survivor of the memorable trio who first landed and located the cit}^, was the venerable Pierre Chouteau, who, with his brother, had accompanied Laclede Liqueste, to locate a trading-post for the fur company of which they were members. Lie was a prominent figure in the celebration, and though at an advanced age, he was in the enjoyment of his full faculties, and was keenly alive to the wonderful progress of the city in the eighty-three years of its life. In 1849, the epidemic year, all that was mortal of Pierre Chou- teau was consigned to its last resting-place, and with him all living memory ceased of the first settlement and of the rise and progress of the city. From that date history could record but written facts, the oral record had ceased to exist. His elder brother, Auguste Chouteau, had preceded him to the mystic beyond, having departed this life in February, 1829.
HISTORY OF ST. LOUIS. ' 69
EXTENSION OF CITY LIMITS.
Tlie city limits had been greatly extended in 1841, embracing an area of two thousand six hundred and thirty acres, instead of the three hundred and eighty-five acres in December, 1822. This showed the wonderful growth of the city, which, even then, was contracted, and its suburbs were fast fill- ing up.
The Institution for the Blind was incorporated in 1851, and the popula- tion liad increased to .94,000 in 1852.
CEMETERIES.
St. Louis took pride in her " cities of the dead," for she has several ceme- teries, with wooded dales and sylvan retreats, well suited as the last resting- place of those whose remains are deposited in the " Silent City." We will speak here of only two, because of the care taken of them, tlieir size, and their rich and diversified surroundings, which give them a lonely, yet pleas- ant look, to all who visit them. The Bellefontaine was purchased by an as- sociation of gentlemen w^ho secured an act of incorporation in 1849, and at once commenced the improvement of the ground. In 1850 the first sale of lots took place. The cemetery comprises two hundred and twenty acres of land. The Calvary Cemetery has 320 acres, of which 100 are laid out and improved. This resting-place of the dead was purchased in 1852, by the Archbishop of the