N. A. H. MILLARD NH THE HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA. PART IIT. THE GYMNOBLASTEA AND SMALL FAMILIES OF CALYPTOBLASTEA June 1966 Junie Volume 48 ~~ Band Rant) to 2 Deel > ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM Cape Town Kaapstad The ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM are issued in parts at irregular intervals as material becomes available Obtainable from the South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town (Cash with order, post tree) Die ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM word uitgegee in dele op ongereelde tye na beskikbaarheid van stof Verkrygbaar van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum, Posbus 61, Kaapstad (Kontant met bestelling, posvry) OUT OF PRINT/UIT DRUK 1, 2(1, 3, 5, 7-8), 3(1-2, 5, t--p.i.), 5(2, 5, 7-9), 6(1, t.-p.i.), 7(1, 3)> 8, g(1-2), 10(1-3), 11(1-2, 7> t.—p.i.), 21, 24(2), 31(1-3), 44(4). Price of this part / Prys van hierdie deel R1.05 Printed in South Africa by In Suid-Afrika gedruk deur The Rustica Press Pty., Ltd., Die Rustica-pers Edms., Bpk., Court Road, Wynberg, Cape Courtweg, Wynberg, Kaap THE HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA. PART III. THE GYMNOBLASTEA AND SMALL FAMILIES OF CALYPTOBLASTEA BY N. A. H. Miniarp XKoology Department, University of Cape Town (With 15 text-figures and 1 plate) CONTENTS PAGE Introduction : : é : ed Oy, Station List . : : : : . 428 List of Species. ‘ : i =) 433 Tubulariidae é 3 : 6 - 434 Myriothelidae . : : : » 435 Corynidae . : F ; : - 440 Solanderiidae 3 é , : - 444 Bougainvilliidae . : 3 : - 449 Clavidae . é 3 : 5 - 452 Eudendriidae : : . : - 454 Hydractiniidae . i : : - 457 Pandeidae . : : 3 : 4 Or Aequoreidae : : : : . 461 Lovenellidae : : : : . 464 Haleciidae . 6 ; : : . 464 Campanulariidae . : : 6 ye 47t Summary . : ; ; : . 484 Acknowledgements : , : . 484 References . 3 é : é AGA INTRODUCTION This paper represents the third and final part of a systematic account of the hydroids from that part of the South African coast stretching from South West Africa on the west to the southern border of Natal on the east. For details on the origin of the collections the reader is referred to the introduction to part I of the series (Millard, 1962). When examining Gymnoblast hydroids one must bear in mind that a considerable quantity of the more delicate material brought up by dredging becomes destroyed by rough handling or is so badly damaged that identification beyond the genus level is impossible. Moreover most genera require the presence of gonophores, usually female, for identification to species level. This applies particularly to such genera as Eudendrium and Tubularia. It is felt that no useful Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 48 (18), 1966: 427-487, 15 figs., 1 pl. 427 428 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM purpose would be served by including dubious records and, at the risk of giving a false impression of the abundance, poorly preserved material and sterile material of doubtful specific identification has generally been omitted. The author wishes to express thanks to the following: the South African Museum for permission to examine the collection of the s.s. Pieter Faure, the Zoology Department of the British Museum of Natural History for accommoda- tion and permission to examine their collection in 1960, Dr. W. Engelhardt of the Munich Museum and Dr. J. S. Pringle of the Natal Museum for the loan of type material, Dr. M. E. Thiel of the Hamburg Museum for identifica- tion of certain medusae and finally all past and present members of the Zoology and Oceanography Departments of the University of Cape Town who have helped to accumulate material in the now very extensive University collection. Type specimens of new species have been deposited in the South African Museum and have been given a Museum registered number in addition to the University catalogue number. STATION LIST A. Littoral material from Oudekraal on the west coast of the Cape Peninsula. Position: 33°58°5’'S/18°22-2’E. Date A 40 16.1.34 A 116-122) -15.3.34 A 139 17-3-34 A 353 A 383 13-5.34 A 384 25.8.34 A 405 18.10.34 AFR. Material dredged by the government research vessel, R.S. Africana. Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom AFR 736 17.8.4.7 30°42°4’S/15°59°2’E 201 co gn S, Sh AFR 801 7.10.47 32°34°4/S/17°52°2’E 71 gn M,R AFR 866 9.1.48 34°36-8’S/19°16-4’E 38 R,S AFR 967 23.3.48 35°07’S/20°49’E gI {S$ AFR 985 5.4.48 34.°4.7°4’S/20°19’E 80 gn M AFR 994 19 4.48 34°34°5'S/21°22°5’E 68 co S, Sh AFR 0002 6.6.49 33°10'S/17°57'E 73 B. Littoral material from Lambert’s Bay on the west coast. Date: July 1938. Position: 32°05'S/18°18’E. BMR. Bushman’s River Estuary, south coast, on sand and muddy banks. Date: 14.9.50. Position: 33°41'S/26°40’E. Depth: 2-4°5 m. BRE. Breede River Estuary, south coast, littoral. Date: 3.2.52. Position: 34°25'S/20°51°5’E. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 429 CP. Littoral material from various localities on the west coast of the Cape Peninsula. Date Locality Position CP 325 20.9.48 Sea Point 33°55°2°S/18°22-6’E CRi927 16.12.48 Blaauwberg Strand 33°48'S/18°27-5’E CP 331 8.8.49 Kommetje 34°08°-5'S/18°19:4’E CP 336 12.5.49 Oudekraal 33°58°5'S/18°22-2’E CP 378 3.6.52 Cape Town docks (on 33°54°5'S/18°25°5’E Squalus fernandinus) CP 646 5-12.60 Oudekraal 33°58°5'S/18°22-2’E CPR. Material from various localities in the Cape Province. Date Locality Position Depth (m.) CPR 9 30.4.50 Glentana Strand 34°04’S/22°20’E littoral CPR 46 20.6.59 Umgazi Bay 31°4.3'S/29°26’E 27 HAM. Keiskama River Estuary, Hamburg, on the south coast. Date: 9.1.50. Position: 33°17'S/27°32’E. HB. Littoral material from Hondeklip Bay on the west coast. Date: 8.2.40. Position: 30°19'S/17°16’E. KNY. Knysna Estuary on the south coast. Position: 34°05'S/23°04’E (average). Date Depth (m.) Bottom KNY 30 16.7.47 5-7 M,S KNY 70 15.7.47 2-6 S KNY 164 9.7.50 0-3 M KNY 165 9.7.50 I-13 S KNY 176 11.7.50 Floating buoy KNY 212 7.7.60 o-1 S KNY 270 14.2.64 o-I M L. Littoral material from East London on the south coast. Position: 33°01'S/ 27°54'E. Date L 44 6.3.37 L 56-177 ty LAM. Dredged in Lambert’s Bay, west coast. Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom LAM 24 16.1.57 32°04°6’S/18°18-15’E 17 R LAM 30 19.1.57 32°05-1'S/18°17-7’E 20 R LAM 35 19.1.57 32°05'5'S/18°17-7’E 27 R, Sh LAM 46 22.1.57 32°04°4'8/18°17-7’E 23 R LAM 50 23.1.57 32°08°5'S/18°17°7’E 16 R,S LAM 52 21.1.57 32°04°7'S/18°18-2’E 17 S LAM 59 22°05 7, 32°09S/18°18’E 16 R,S LB. Langebaan Lagoon, west coast. Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom LB 127 26.4.48 33°05'6’S/18°01-6’E Littoral R LB 166 15.7.46 33°09'0'S/18°03°4’E 7 LB 266 3.5.51 33°07°4’S/18°02-1’E Littoral S 430 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom LB 296 55-51 33°04'5/18°00’E Ship’s hull LB 314 4.5.51 33°05°7'S/18°01°5’E Littoral R LB 371 7.5.53 33°05°7'S/18°01°5’E Littoral R LB 378 7.5.53 33°05:9'5/18°01-9’E O-I Wooden piling LB 380 75-53 33°06-7’S/18°01-0’E 4 S, Sh LB 386 8.5.53 33°06'5’S/18°02’E Ship’s hull LB 398 24.7.53 33°07'1'S/18°02-9’E O-1 S) LB 403 5-12.53 33°10'S/18°03°5’E Littoral M LB 542 4.5.60 Littoral LB 556 22.7.63 33°07°3'S/18°03:0’E Littoral Wooden piling LIZ. Dredged in Algoa Bay, Port Elizabeth, south coast. Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom LIZ 2 5-4-54 33°55°7 9/24°37°2 E 9 M LIZ 3 5.4.54 33°56-1'S/25°40’E 17 S LIZ 7 6.4.54 33°58°1'S/25°38-9’/E 9 R, St LIZ 11 6.4.54 33°57°2'S/25°38-0'E 9 Clay, R LIZ 13 6.4.54 33°58-2'S/25°38-8’E 5] S LIZ 16 7.4.54 33°58-4'S/25°40°5’E 14 St LIZ 24-25 11.4.54 34.°00°4'S/25°44°5'E 39 co S, Sh LIZ 40 11.4.54 34.°00°8/S/25°4.2°4’E 6 R LU. Littoral material from Luderitz Bay, South West Africa. Date Position LU 59 24.2.63 26°38/S/15°05'5'E LU 113-118 =. 22.2.63 26°38’S/15°09°3’E MB. Dredged in Mossel Bay, south coast. Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom MB 8-12 12.1.56 34.°04°3/S/22°13°9’E 1g R MB 19 13.1.56 34.°08-7'S/22°07-2’E 13 R, S, Sh MB 25 13.1.56 34°09°3'S/22°10°1’E 29 S) MB 37 16.1.56 34°09°3'S/22°10°0’E 31 S MB 47 17.1.56 34°11°3/S/22°10-0’E 10 R MB 52 17.1.56 34°11°0'S/22°09'9’E 14 R,S MB 55 17.1.56 34.°10°7'S/22°09°6’E 9 R MB 60 18.1.56 34.°04°3'S/22°14°2’E 18 R, co 8, Sh MB 64 18.1.56 34.°04°8'S8/22°13°1’E 26 R, co S, Sh MB 69 19.1.56 34°08-6’S/22°07°3’E 13 R,S MB 70 19.1.56 34°08-9’S/22°07°9’E 18 S MB 81 20.1.56 34°06-2’S/22°10°9’E 27 M MB 84 Q1.1.56 34°11°4’S/22°10°1’E 29 R MB 88 18.1.56 34°04°8'8/22°13°1’E 26 R, co S, Sh OLF. Olifant’s River Estuary, west coast. Date: 23.1.55. Position: 31°42’S/ TG mn5 jh. PP. Littoral material from Paternoster, west coast. Date: 24.9.57. Position: 32°43'S/17°55 E. SAMH. Material from the collection of the South African Museum. Specimens 147-352 and 361-383 were dredged by the s.s. Pieter Faure. Their positions were given in the original records as compass bearings off salient points HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 431 on the coast, and were probably not very accurate. These have been converted into latitude and longitude and are given to the nearest minute. SAMH 147 SAMH 157-162 SAMH 166-170 SAMH 174-177 SAMH 179-180 SAMH 189 SAMH 202-203 SAMH e214 SAMH 221-227 SAMH 230-233 SAMH 235 SAMH 239-247 SAMH 250-253 SAMH 269-274 SAMH 283 SAMH 296 SAMH 315 SAMH 327-328 SAMH 335-338 SAMH 341-343 SAMH 351-352 SAMH 357 SAMH 361 SAMH 380-383 SAMH 404 SAMH 405-408 Date 23.6.1898 15.7.1898 11.11.1898 19.11.1898 22.12.1898 28.12.1898 7-3-1899 24..3.1899 19.6.1899 20.9.1899 5-7-1900 11.10.1900 15.7-190I 17.7.1QOI 25.7.1QOI 13.8.1901 10.9.1QOI 22.9.1904. 4.10.1904 19.10.1904 22.8.1905 19.6.1914 11.11.1898 15.3.1899 —.4.1962 —.7.1962 Position South of Mossel Bay 34°08'S/22°16’E 33°49'S/25°56’E 33°45 '9/26°44’E 32°52'S/28°12’E 33°09'S/28°03’E 33°59'S/25°51'E 33°50'S/26°35’E 34°26'S/21°42’E 34°15'S/22°10°5’E 34°27'S/20°58’E 34°08’S/22°59°5'E 33°13°5'S/27°58’E 33°07'S/27°47°5'E 32°50'S/28°18-5’E 32°4.7'8/28°28’E 33°54'9/26°51’E 34°12’S/22°15:5’E 34°12'S/22°15°5’E 34°15°5'S/22°14’E 33°52'S/26°09’E 33°55°9/18°27’E 33°49'S/25°56’E 33°47'5/26°19’E 28°30’S/16°10’E 28°30'S/16°10’E SB. Saldanha Bay, west coast. SB 132 SB 153-168 SB 174 SB 178 SB 196 SB 231 SB 235 SB 267 SB 269 SCD. Dredged off the SCD 5 SCD 20 SCD 22 SCD 26 SCD 29 SCD 37 SCD 50 SCD 52 SCD 56 SCD 60 SCD 61 SCD 75 SCD 79-81 Date 26.3.53 —:9-57 27-4-59 28.4.59 1.5.59 4.5.60 4.5.60 25.4.62 25.4.62 Date 19.4.58 26.5.58 26.5.58 235.58 22.6.58 19.5.58 18.5.58 20.8.58 19.8.58 16.8.58 15.8.58 16.7.59 16.7.59 Position 33°04S/17°59°3E 33°02°5'S/18°02’E 33°02:8’S/18°00-6’E 33°03°6’S/18°00-4’E 3304°4'S/17°56-4’E 33°00-6’S/17°59:6’E 33°04°1'S/17°59°7'E 33°02'S/17°57°2’E 33°02°1'S/17°58’E south coast. Position 34°15/S/25°05’E 34°07°3'S/23°23°8'E 34°26-7'S/23°26-0’E 3347°5/26°04’E 33 38°6'S/26°54-7'E 32°15°2'S/28°57-7’E 31°38-8'S/29°34°4’E 34°01'S/25°45°5'E 33°37'5/26°56-6’E 33°02'S/27°56:2’E 32°17°7'S/28°54°5'E 32°33'S/28°38’E 32°43’S/28°28’E Depth (m.) 73-78'5 86 24527 gI Depth (m.) 8 Littoral Bottom St S, Sh, St Bottom 432 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom SCD 84-85 17-7-59 33°03/S/27°55'E 27 R SCD 94 20.7.59 33°55°5'9/25°51’E 46 bk M, S$ SCD 111 23.7.59 34°35/S/21°11’E 75 co S, Sh, St SCD 112 20.7.59 33°55°5'S/25°51E 46 bk M, S SCD 113 26.11.59 34°24’S/21°45’E 27 S; £Sh SCD 114 26.11.59 34°29'8/21°49°5’E 73 M SCD 117-118 14.2.60 34°24’8/21°46’E 18 R SCD 119 14.2.60 34°33'S/21°52’E 77 kh S SCD 126 3.6.60 34°26°5'S/21°48’E 67 bk M SCD 129-133 3.6.60 34°48/S/22°06’E 100 kh S SCD 154 25.11.60 34.°03'S/25°59’E 84 R SCD 169 24.11.60 33°58-9'S/25°41°4’E 7 R SCD 175 30.11.60 34°208/23°31’E 110 R,khS SCD 179 24.11.60 33°58-9'S/25°41°4’E 7 R SCD 188 30.11.60 34°10'S/23°32’E 97 gen M SCD 190 29.11.60 34°05'8/S/23°23°2’E 10 {S$ SCD 206 30.11.60 34°51'S/23°41’E 182 kh § SCD 215 25.11.60 34°03'S/25°58’E 78 S, Sh SCD 239 29.11.60 34°02'0'S/23°28-4’E 49 M,R,S SCD 258 14.7.61 33°53°8'S/25°42°5'E 32 £8 SCD 265 14.7.61 33°48'S/25°47’E 27 bl M, R SCD 276 14.7.61 33°53°8'S/25°42°5'E 32 {Ss SCD 281-283 11.2.62 34°04'S/23°23’E 22 £S, Sh SCD 284 6.2.62 33°01'S/27°55'E 7 £{S SCD 312 9.2.62 33°58'8/25°47'E 48 {S$ SCD 314 9.2.62 33°58S/25°43'E 36 fM SCD 328 10.2.62 34°43'S/25°40’E Floating buoy SCD 330 11.2.62 34°03°5'S/23°23’E 15 {S$ SCD 333 11.2.62 34°02'S/23°27’E 42 M SCD 347 12.2.62 34°10'S/22°15’E 54 M SCD 354 11.10.62 32°08’S/290°12’E 210 SCD 387 8.12.62 34°04°4'S/23°25-6’E 46 R SCD 394 2.12.62 33°50°7'S/25°47°5'E 36 R,S SH. Cape Town docks, from pylons and cable below tug jetty. Date SH 433 14.4.61 SH 436 3.4.62 STJ. St. John’s River Estuary, eastern coast of Cape Province. Date: 20.1.50 Position: 31°37’S/29°37’E. SUN. Sunday’s River Estuary, south coast. Date: 7.1.50. Position: 33°42'S/25°53’E. SWD. Dredged off the coast of South West Africa. Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom SWD 12 10.2.63 26°35’S/15°o1’E 71 R SWD 39 12.2.63 26°37°5'S/15°04°5’E 40 R SWD 42 13.2.63 26°38-0’S/15°00-2’E 71 R TB. Dredged from Table Bay, Cape Town. Date Position Depth (m.) Bottom TB6 4.8.46 33°4.9°5'S/18°27-5’E 13 S, Sh TB 7-8 25.10.46 33°52°5'S/18°27-5’E 17 S Sh HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 433 TB 9g TB 13 TB 14 TBI5 TB 16 BET 7 TB 19 TB a1 Date 25.10.46 4.8.46 25.10.46 11.2.4.7 25.10.46 26.6.4.7 3-7-47 15.12.57 TRA. Material collected by commercial trawlers. TRA 32 TRA 33 TRA 35 TRA 38 TRA 42 TRA 56 TRA 57 TRA 59 TRA 86 TRA 92 TRA 99 TRA 150 TRA 156 TRA 159 WCD. Dredged WCD 7 WCD 12 WCD 18 WCD 20 WCD 25 WCD 81 WCD 125 WCD 134 WCD 145 WCD 156 WCD 158-160 WCD 164 Tubularia solitaria Warren, 1906. Date Q.11.47 20.7.49 21.1.50 —.7.50 —.7.51 28.11.52 27.11.52 26.11.52 23-3-53 —.1.54 18.1.56 6.3.58 15.10.58 6.7.58 off the west coast of the Cape Province. Date 243-59 24.3-59 29-4-59 30-4-59 1.5-59 15-9-49 23.4.62 25.4.62 29.8.63 22.10.63 21.10.63 7.10.63 Monocoryne minor n. sp. Myriothela capensis Manton, 1940. Bicorona elegans, n.g., n.sp. Sarsia eximia (Allman, 1859). 4 Position Depth (m.) 33°52'S/18°28’E 15 33°49°5'S/18°27-5’E 13 33°52°5/8/18°27°5'E 17 33-47°5'5/18°24-3’E 19 33°52'5/18°28’E 15 33°52°7'S/18°28-7’E 9 33°51°2'S/18°27°3’E 23 33°48-6’S/18°24°6’E 15 Position Depth (m.) 34.°49'S/20°21-5’E ¢. QI 34.°55'S/21°10’E c. gO 34°34S/20°50’E 70 34°30'S/20°56’E 73 34°30'5/20°55’E ¢. 70 34°40'S/21°35’E 73 34°24'S/21°55'E 59 34°28'S/21°45’E 70 32°41°7'S/17°58'5/E 9 35°03/S/21°50’E TIO 34°25°5'S/21°50°2’E 60 34°42°2’S/20°25:0’E gI 34°12’S/18°22’E 22 33°56'S/25°36’E Position Depth (m.) 34°09°3/S/18°17°5’E 43 34°09°4'S/18°16-5’E 75 33°05°6/S/17°54°5/E 64, 33°07°5'S/17°52°5'E 86 33°06°5’S/17°55°4E 86 34°05’S/18°21’E II 33°08/S/17°46’E 157 33°07°3/S/17°57°5'E 26 33°50°3'S/18°23-2’E 15 34°01°7'S/18°14-7’E 100 33°55°8'S/18°21-3’E 37 32°52’S/18°25’E 29 e LisT OF SPECIES Family Tubulariidae Tubularia warrent Ewer, 1953. Family Myriothelidae Bottom S, Sh S, Sh , Sh, St prot R,S S,S 7 n Se Myriothela tentaculata n. sp. Family Corynidae Staurocladia vallentini (Browne, 1902). 434 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Family Solanderiidae Solanderia procumbens (Carter, 1873). Family Bougainvilliidae Bimeria vestita Wright, 1859. Dicoryne conferta (Alder, 1856). Bougainvillia macloviana (Lesson, 1836). Rhizorhagium robustum (Warren, 1907). Bougainvillia sp. Family Clavidae Clava sp. Merona cornucopiae (Norman, 1864). Family Eudendriidae Eudendrium ?capillare Alder, 1856. Eudendrium deciduum Millard, 1957. Eudendrium ?carneum Clarke, 1882. Eudendrium ramosum (Linn., 1758). Family Hydractiniidae Hydractinia altispina Millard, 1955. Hydrocorella africana Stechow, 1921. Hydractinia kaffraria Millard, 1955. Podocoryne carnea M. Sars, 1846. Family Pandeidae Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823). Family Aequoreidae Aequorea africana n. sp. Family Lovenellidae Lovenella chiquitita Millard, 1957. Family Haleciidae Halecium beanii (Johnston, 1838). Halecium halecinum (Linn., 1758). Halecium delicatulum Coughtrey, 1876. Halecium ?muricatum (Ellis & Sol., 1786). Halecium dichotomum Allman, 1888. Halecium tenellum Hincks, 1861. Family Campanulariidae Campanularia hincksi Alder, 1856. Clytia hemisphaerica (Linn , 1767). Campanularia integra MacGill., 1842. Clytia hummelincki (Leloup, 1935). Campanularia laminacarpa n. sp. Clytia paulensis (Vanh6ffen, 1910). Campanularia ?mollis (Stechow, 1919). Obelia dichotoma (Linn., 1758). Campanularia morgansi Millard, 1957. Obelia geniculata (Linn., 1758). Family Tubulariidae Tubularia solitaria Warren, 1906. Tubularia solitaria Warren, 1906: 83, pl. 10, 11. Millard, 1957: 179. Records. West coast: A 122. LB 166 (recorded by Day, 1959). SB 153U. South coast: L 172. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 435 Tubularia warreni Ewer, 1953 Tubularia warreni Ewer, 1953: 351, fig. 1-4. Millard, 1959a: 299. Millard, 1959): 240. Records. West coast: LB 296A, 386A (reported by Day, 1959). South coast: CPR 9G. KNY 176A (reported by Day, Millard and Harrison, 1952, as T. ?betheris). Description. This material conforms to previous descriptions of the species with the exception of the CPR sample which differs in its paler coloration. The general effect, when alive, was a creamy colour, with pink tinges in the manubrium and gonophores. It is obviously a young colony, reaching a maximum height of 1-75 cm., and the largest hydranths measuring only about 2°5 mm. in length and 1 mm. in basal diameter. The blastostyles are unbranched and few in number (5-9) though fully mature gonophores are present. Apart from the colour there is nothing to distinguish it from T. warrent. Family Myriothelidae Monocoryne minor n. sp. Bigs Material. The holotype, SCD 215C, is a single specimen detached from its substratum and the only specimen known. Most of the colour has gone, though signs of a dark-red pigmentation are visible on the gonophores. South African Museum registered number: SAMH 41o. Description. Polyp measuring approximately 5 mm. in length, though somewhat contracted and curled up. Basal part of body (1 mm.) covered in transparent perisarc which is continued proximally in a number of threads and filaments, some of which appear to be filled with living coenosarc. Remainder of body cylindrical, bearing about 110 capitate tentacles. Tentacles solitary or arranged in groups of 2, 3, or 4 united at their bases. Length of tentacles variable: sometimes the middle one of a group of three is the largest as in M. gigantea, but sometimes all members of the group are equal in length and sometimes the first of a group of four is longest. Eleven gonophores, apparently male, borne irregularly on the body of the polyp, the largest about 0-3 mm. in diameter. Gonophores pear-shaped, not distinctly demarcated from pedicel. Nematocysts. At least three kinds visible in smears of preserved material: (1) Desmonemes, the most abundant type. Capsule oval, thread with about 2 complete coils, on which a spiral ridging is visible. Size variable: 9:0-13°5 x 6-3—-10°8 p. (ii) Stenoteles, fairly common. Capsule egg-shaped, with shaft occupying about half length. 15:3-18-0 X 13:0-15°3 yp. (iii) Undetermined heteronemes, rare. Capsule elongated, with shaft occupying about 2 length. 16-2-18-9 x 6-3-7°6 pu. Remarks. As there is only one specimen available no sections were cut and accurate measurements could not be made without damage. A few detached 436 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fic. 1. Monocoryne minor n. sp. A. The whole animal (holotype). B. A typical group of 4 tentacles. C-F. Nematocysts. (C, stenotele. D, undetermined heteroneme. E—F, desmonemes). tentacles were used for examination of nematocysts. The specimen is fairly well preserved, but there is no knowing how many tentacles may have been broken off during handling, or whether the base was originally attached to a firm substratum. Since the tip of the body is curled over, the mouth could not be observed. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 437 The arrangement of the tentacles differs from that in the only two known species of Monocoryne, namely M. gigantea (Bonnevie, 1898) and M. bracteata (Fraser, 1941), in both of which the middle one of a group is the largest. It is also much smaller than either of them. The gonophores are not seated in the axils of the tentacles but distributed at random over the body. Myriothela capensis Manton, 1940 Mbpriothela capensis Manton, 1940: 276, pl. 1 (figs. 12, 13), pl. 3 (fig. 27), figs. 7, 8b, 9. Millard, 1957: 186. Records. West coast: CP 331 (one almost mature male specimen attached to weed). LAM 52F (one mature female specimen attached to weed). LU 118Y (two mature male specimens torn from their base and two young specimens on crustacean appendage). Description. The material from Luderitz Bay (LU 118Y) had retained its colour after about four months in spirit. The whole distal end of the body was a vivid splash of colour—the capita of the body tentacles and tips of the gonophores bright magenta, shading to pink on the stalks and colourless on the base of the polyp. Specimens preserved for a longer period are pale pink or completely colourless. Largest specimen 1-6 cm. in length. Structure and nematocysts as described by Manton. One mature female specimen with actinulae larvae (one gonophore on opening contained three larvae). Female gonophores reaching 0-9 x 1:0 mm. Myriothela tentaculata n. sp. Pige2: Material. WCD 7Q: 5 specimens from west coast attached to encrusting polyzoan, two of them rather badly damaged and the others in various states of preservation. The best preserved was selected as the holotype and another was used for sectioning. South African Museum registered number of holotype: SAMH 411. Description of holotype. Total length 2-5 cm. No colour left in specimen except for a circle of dark-red spots round the distal end of each gonophore. Basal region of hydranth (8 mm.) naked and drawn out into an irregular shape, bearing about g chitinoid, flattened, adhesive discs attached to the substratum. Above this a single whorl of 17 long, tapering blastostyles reaching a maximum length of about 2 cm. These are generally somewhat coiled and bear a superficial resemblance to the tentacles of an octopus. They are the most distinctive feature of the species. Blastostyle unbranched, bearing 4-6 gono- phores in the proximal 5 mm., of which the most distal is the oldest and the others in various stages of development. Capitate tentacles present amongst the gonophores and others (about 25) scattered irregularly over the distal region of the blastostyle. Tentacles rather poorly developed and resembling boot-buttons. Gonophores male, spherical, reaching a diameter of about 438 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM 2 mm., each with a very short pedicel and 8-10 pigmented spots around distal end. Distal region of hydranth (about 2 of length) covered with densely packed capitate tentacles and bearing a terminal mouth. Tentacles well-developed, with slender stalks and large capituli, but more poorly developed in the region of the blastostyles. Nematocysts. Four types distinguishable from smears and sections: (i) ‘Heteronemes’ (fig. 2D), elongated and banana-shaped, with an axia] body which stains redin Mallory’s stain and a fine much-coiled thread. 44°1-45:9 X 8-1 p. (ii) Desmonemes of two sizes (fig. 2E—H), the larger 17-1-18-0 X 12-6— 14°4 », the smaller 10-2-10°8 x 7-2—7-7 w. In both, part of the thread stains red in Mallory’s stain, the rest remains unstained. It bears a distinct spiral marking which may indicate the presence of barbs. The larger form contains a thread in 3 complete longitudinal coils and the smaller a thread in 2 coils. Steroteles (fig. 2C). Oval capsules containing a butt which stains red in Mallory’s stain and increases in diameter towards the base. The thread is coiled transversely in the lower half of the capsule and forms an opaque mass in this region. A few were found exploded and showed a characteristic butt, though the thread and spines had been broken off. 14°4 X 10°8 p. (iv) Atrichous isorhizas (fig. 2B). Elongated capsules with the contents difficult to discern, but apparently containing a long tangled thread which stains faintly blue in Mallory’s stain. 15:3-19°8 X 4:0—-7:2 p. (iii wa Histology. The hydranth body wall (fig. 2M) is very similar in structure to that of M. capensis. It is 110-180 p thick, with a fairly thin layer of mesogloea 10-20 2 thick from which slender lamellae bearing muscle fibres project into the ectoderm. The lamellae arise at intervals of approximately 14 » and are 40-80 » deep. From the endoderm arise villi anything up to 1 mm. in depth, each containing a very thin supporting lamella of mesogloea. The apical cells of the villi contain dark-staining granules, but the remainder are clear and vacuolated. 85 villi were counted in one section. In the region of the mouth the granular cells are more numerous and many cells contain droplets of a yellowish material. The body tentacles (fig. 2K) are exactly like those of M. capensis as described by Manton (1940), with an apical pad of mesogloea fibrils about 50 w in thickness and a central cavity which passes into the stalk without constriction. The endoderm of the stalk is separated from that of the hydranth body by a thin layer of mesogloea. The capita of the tentacles are richly armed with nematocysts of all 4 types, of which desmonemes are the most numerous. The blastostyle is the most distinctive structure in the species. In the proximal region where the gonophores arise the endoderm bears villi which HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 439 Fic. 2. Myriothela tentaculata n. sp. A. The whole animal (holotype). B-H. Nematocysts. (B, atrichous isorhiza. C, stenotele. D, ‘heteroneme’. E and F, large desmoneme in side view and end-on view. G and H, small desmoneme in end-on view and side view.) t.s. blastostyle in proximal region with young male gonophore arising from it. l.s. body tentacle. l.s. blastostyle tentacle. t.s. through body-wall of hydranth in distal region including the origin of 2 tentacles. (e, ectoderm. enb, endoderm of bell. m, mesogloea. ml, mesogloeal lamella. mp, apical pad of mesogloeal fibrils. n, nematocysts. se, subumbrella ectoderm. sp, spermatogenic cells. v, endodermal villi). east ate 440 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM project into the central cavity and fill it almost completely (fig. 2J). The cells of the villi are densely packed with granules which stain red in Mallory’s stain, and many of the granules float freely in the interstices between the villi. The mesogloea bears lamellae about 20 uw deep on its ectodermal surface. The ectoderm contains many developing nematocysts which are particularly abundant around the origins of the tentacles. In the slender distal part of the blastostyle ectoderm and mesoderm are normal and well-preserved, but the endoderm appears to be largely senile. Although remains of villi and their mesogloeal lamellae can be recognised, most of the internal cavity is filled with dead cells and fragments of cells most of which have an opaque yellowish coloration. The blastostyle tentacles (fig. 2L) are similar to those of the body, but each has a much shorter stalk and a thinner pad of mesogloeal fibrils (about 20 p thick in maximum). The lumen is very narrow and the endoderm separated from that of the blastostyle by a basal lamella of mesogloea. The superficial layer of the capitum is densely packed with nematocysts, including ‘heteronemes’ and atrichs, while desmonemes and stenoteles appear to be entirely absent. The structure and development of the gonophore is similar to that in other species (Briggs, 1929, 1931; Manton, 1940). Only male gonophores are present and the largest one sectioned is 1:24 mm. in diameter with a layer of spermatogenic cells 0-24 mm. thick around the spadix. It is apparently almost mature, for a velar invagination is present in the exumbrella ectoderm though not yet perforate. The endoderm of the spadix bears rounded villi which project into the central cavity which is continuous with that of the blastostyle. Remarks. Of the six southern hemisphere species listed by Manton, (p. 288) this species is most closely related to M. capensis. It differs from it in its larger size, its adhesive structures, which are less obviously tentacular, and its long and tendril-like blastostyles. The nature of the nematocysts supports the establishment of a new species. All are larger than the corresponding types in M. capensis, the banana-shaped ‘heteronemes’ being enormous, about 4 times those of M. capensis and over twice those of M. penola and M. cocksi. The presence of atrichs in the hydranth is unusual since in other species this type is confined to the actinula. The term ‘heteroneme’ has been used following Manton, although the only evidence that this type possesses a distinct butt is that of Allman (1876), and needs confirmation. No haplonemes could be identified in this material, and if present cannot be distinguished from stenoteles. Family Corynidae Genus Bicorona nov. gen. Diagnosis. Corynidae with firm perisarc and upright, monopodially branched stems. Hydranths with two whorls of capitate tentacles. Gonophores in the form of fixed sporosacs borne on the body of the hydranth. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 441 Bicorona elegans nov. sp. Fie. 3 Types and records. Holotype: SB 161X (South African Museum registered number: SAMH 412), from Saldanha Bay on the west coast. Other records: A 116, 139, 353 (west coast); L 44, 56 (south coast). Description of holotype. A luxuriant colony of upright branching stems reaching a maximum height of 5-8 cm., growing in the lower intertidal region of the shore. Hydrorhiza embedded in sponge, branching and giving rise to upright stems. Stem unfascicled, with monopodial growth and terminal hydranths. Branches arising alternately, either bearing one terminal hydranth, or rebranching in a manner similar to the stem. Stem and branches covered with firm perisarc which is closely annulated throughout except for a smooth area on the origin of each branch. Hard part of perisarc terminating just below hydranth, but continued as a gelatinous layer onto the base of the hydranth. Hydranth Tubularia-like, with two whorls of capitate tentacles. Aboral tentacles 10-21 in number in mature hydranths, usually with long and short tentacles alternating. Oral tentacles short, 4-7 in number. ‘Neck’ region of hydranth (below aboral tentacles) with indistinct longitudinal striations. Gonophores in form of fixed sporosacs, borne on approximately 7 short blastostyles which form a whorl just distal to the aboral tentacles. Gonophores oval to spherical, 2-4 to a blastostyle, the oldest one terminal. Histology (fig. 3K). Stem normal, with no endodermal canals, terminating in a swollen region in the last perisarcal segment. ‘Neck’ region of hydranth with longitudinally ridged ectoderm, surrounded by thick gelatinous sheath continuous with the perisarc of the stem. Hydranth expanding at level of aboral tentacles, with spacious enteron. Ectoderm of hydranth normal. Endoderm specialized: immediately below aboral tentacles thickened and granular but with no indication of parenchyma, in the region between the two whorls of tentacles folded inward around sup- porting strands of mesogloea in the nature of endodermal villi, in region of hypostome thickened. Tentacles solid, with central core of ‘chordal’ endoderm. Aboral tentacles with no ‘supporting lamella’ of mesogloea, and endoderm continuous with that of hydranth. Oral tentacles attached obliquely to hydranth body, with a ‘supporting lamella’ of mesogloea which may be incomplete in its aboral region. Blastostyle hollow and tubular. Gonophores with a hollow spadix, without subumbrella cavity or radial canals. Female gonophore containing many small eggs arranged in a single series around the spadix (counts give numbers varying from 29 to 84). Eggs 0:05-0:10 mm. in diameter. Male gonophore containing a thick mass of spermatogenic cells. Nematocysts (fig. 3H, J) all stenoteles, of 2 sizes: large ones reaching 5 442 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fic. 3. Bicorona elegans n. sp. A. Two complete stems from the holotype. B-G. Stages in the development of the hydranth (B-F from A 139, G a mature hydranth from the holotype). Hand J. Small, and large, stenotele from A 116. K._ 1.s. hydranth with female gonophores from L 44. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 443 26 X 17, small ones reaching 13:5 X 7 uw (measurements from preserved material, undischarged). Measurements (mm., preserved). (NV.B. the holotype material is well expanded, A 116 less so.) holotype A 116 Stem, diameter. : : : : : . 0°21-0°35 0:26-0°43 Hydranth, length from end of ‘hard’ perisarc to hypostome . : : : . 0°96-1°95 1°29-1°73 Gonophores, length : eEKeAcnin gy Ordy7 0°50 maximum diameter : i ceaching 0-44 0:36 Remarks. The material chosen as the holotype is a well-developed, mature colony, with presumably the maximum number of tentacles on the polyps. One of the other samples (A 139) contains shorter stems with younger, well- relaxed polyps, permitting observations on the origin of the tentacles (fig. 3B-F). In the young polyp bud, two whorls of capitate tentacles appear simul- taneously, 4-7 oral and approximately 7 aboral. These are at first short and knob-like, but they lengthen as development proceeds, especially the aboral ones. The number of oral tentacles is not increased, but before long a new series of aboral tentacles appears, about 7 in number, alternating with those of the first series and at a slightly Jower level on the polyp. Polyps at this stage of development (fig. 3F) thus appear to have three whorls of tentacles, one oral and two closely alternating aboral. When the second series of aboral tentacles is about half the length of the first, young blastostyles make their appearance, one in the axi] of each aboral tentacle of the first series. The oldest polyps in this particular sample have reached this stage, but the appearance of a third series of aboral tentacles would bring the number up to about 21 (the maximum number observed in the holotype). In the fully mature polyps of the holotype and other samples, however, the aboral tentacles are arranged in a single whorl and at one level (fig. 3G). Whether this is due to further growth in circumference of the polyp or to differences in the state of contraction can only be determined from living material. Annandale (1915) established a new genus Dicyclocoryne for a species previously described in 1907 as Syncoryne filamentata, in which the generic diagnosis is the presence of two whorls cf capitate tentacles. But D. filamentata bears free medusae and thus, following the practice adopted in these papers, cannot be included in the same genus as forms with fixed sporosacs. There are also other differences from the present species (e.g. unbranched stems, smooth perisarc, different position of gonophores) which make the establishment of a new genus for this material desirable, viz. Bicorona. Dicyclocoryne and Bicorona appear to be more closely related to the Corynidae than to any other family of Capitata, and this is supported by the presence of only one category of nematocyst. Although stenoteles and desmonemes have 444. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM been reported from medusae of this family, only stenoteles (large and small) are known from the hydroids (Russell, 1938, and Millard, 1959b, for Sarsia eximia). In the Pennariidae on the other hand, with which Bizcorona also has certain affinities, 3 or 4 different categories of nematocyst occur (Weill, 1934, and Millard, 1959a). Sarsia eximia (Allman, 1859) Coryne sp.: Millard, 1957: 179. Sarsia eximia. Russell, 1953: 50, pl. 2 (fig. 3), figs. 17a, 18A, B. Millard, 1959d: 241. Kramp, 1959: 79, fig. 15. Kramp, 1961: 27. Records. West coast: LB 556A. LU 113D. SH 433D, 436A. South coast: CPR oF. KNY 165E (recorded by Day, Millard and Harrison, 1952, as Syncoryne Peximia). Remarks. Living material from Table Bay docks (SH 436A) and Langebaan (LB 556A) was kept in the laboratory where it released medusae. At liberation these measured 0-9 mm. in depth and o-8 mm. in diameter, with a hypostome of 0-3 mm. in length. After 3 days the size had increased to 1:1 mm. depth and I°2 mm. diameter, with a hypostome of 0-4 mm. At this stage the teniacles reached a length of about 1-8 mm. when extended and bore about 12 clusters of nematocysts. The structure was similar in every way to that of S. eximia. The medusa of S. eximia has not previously been recorded from South Africa. Staurocladia vallentini (Browne, 1902) Cnidonema capensis Gilchrist, 1919: 509, pl. 30. : Staurocladia vallentini: Browne and Kramp, 1939: 274, pl. 14 (figs. 3-4), pl. 15 (fig. 4), pl. 19 (fig. 2). Cnidonema vallentini: Ralph, 194.7: 414, pl. 35 (figs. 1-6). Records. West coast: LB 266A, 398A (recorded by Day, 1959, as Cnidonema vallentini). A 40 (recorded by Bright, 1938, as Eleutheria vallentint). Description. Material from Langebaan (LB) consists of numerous young medusae found crawling on weed (Gracilaria confervoides), most of them under- going asexual reproduction. Medusae reaching a maximum diameter of about I mm., and bearing 20-30 tentacles. Aboral branch of tentacle with 4-5 nematocyst batteries, of which one is terminal and the rest dorsal. No gonads present. Material from Oudekraal (A) includes two larger medusae, reaching a diameter of 3 mm. and bearing gonads. Specimens rather damaged, but apparently bearing over 40 tentacles. Nematocyst batteries as in LB material. Hydranths not as yet found. Family: Solanderiidae Solanderia procumbens (Carter, 1873) Fig. 4 and Plate I Ceratella procumbens Carter, 1873: 10. Ceratella spinosa Carter, 1873: 12. Solanderia atrorubens: Marshall, 1892: 12, pl. 5, pl. 7 (figs. 2-4). HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 445 Solanderia procumbens: Vervoort, 1962: 535. Solanderia spinosa: Vervoort, 1962: 535. Non Dehitella atrorubens Gray, 1868. General. The material of this species is divisible into two forms on general appearance (here designated as form A and form B), which do not seem to be specifically distinct, but are kept separate in case they should later prove to be so. In the description which follows the skeleton of the largest specimen of each (WCD 158F and E respectively) is described and the soft parts of the best preserved (SAMH 247). Records Form A: West coast: WCD 158F. South coast: SAMH 247. TRA 590A. Form B: West coast: WCD 158E. South coast: SCD 154A. Description, form A. The largest colony (Plate IA, left) a magnificent fan-shaped specimen 33 cm. high with a spread of 38 cm. Hydrorhiza 5 cm. broad, and flattened below for attachment. Main stem flattened in the plane of branching and expanding from a base 2-4 cm. wide and 1-2 cm. thick to a broad leather-like blade 5 cm. wide and 0:5 cm. thick; beyond this giving rise to a number of large branches, which in their turn branch and rebranch. Branching in one plane, with a tendency for the branches to bend to one side and give off more sub-branches on this side, suggesting the influence of a strong current during growth. Method of branching variable, often dichoto- mous, sometimes alternate and sometimes unilateral. Smaller branches quite round in section, comparatively thick and stumpy (about 2 mm. in diameter), with rounded tips. Fibrous meshwork of main stem reticulate, with rounded, rectangular, or hexagonal apertures between the trabeculae, but no marked longitudinal arrangement. Trabeculae of unworn areas bearing numerous spiny structures 0-3-0:4 mm. in height, some of them flattened and spatulate and resembling abortive hydrophores with one or two supporting ribs (fig. 4D). Fibrous meshwork of branches arranged in a more definite fashion, in which the longitudinal trabeculae predominate. Groups of trabeculae often raised up into prominent longitudinal ridges surmounted by blade-like crests parallel to the long axis of the branch (Plate IB, lower right corner). Spines reduced to tubercles on the branches and absent on the smallest subdivisions. Hydrophores numerous and scattered irregularly over surface of branches. A typical one consisting of a scoop-shaped bracket supported on its lower surface by longitudinal ribs continuous with the trabeculae of the branch (fig. 4B). Ribs normally not reaching margin, which is smooth and rounded. Hydrophores, however, subject to much variation, some being bilobed (fig. 4C), some divided into two halves (one on each side of the hydranth) and some represented by a laterally seated hemihydrophore only. Badly eroded hydro- phores with margin worn down between the supporting ribs (fig. 4H). Normal hydrophores approximately 0-5 mm. in length, and 0-5 mm. in basal width tapering to 0-3 mm. at margin. 446 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Hydranths arising from coenosarc above hydrophores and, rarely, directly from the stem with no protective supports whatever; bearing approximately 15 capitate tentacles (but difficult to count due to poor preservation). Gonophores arising directly from coenosarc of stem, spherical, shortly stalked. Immature male gonophores present on two specimens, the largest measuring 0°34 mm. in diameter and 0-32 mm. in length; containing several layers of spermatogenic cells around a central spadix, and 4 distinct radial canals. Colour: stem and larger branches dark brown, occasionally with a purplish tinge, shading to yellowish-brown on the smaller branches. Form B. Colonies smaller than form A, the largest reaching 19:5 cm. in height and 15:5 cm. in spread, with more slender branches and lighter coloration (Plate 1A, right). Main stem rounded in section. Hydrophores on smaller branches restricted to two sides, but irregularly scattered on larger ones. The ‘double’ type of hydrophore predominant (fig. 4E, G), bilobed or single ones rare (fig. 4F). Nematocysts. Three types present in smears of preserved material: (i) Large oval stenoteles (fig. 4R, S). Fairly common. Undischarged capsules with a broad, central shaft and a long thread coiled trans- versely in the lower half. Discharged capsules with a broad, slightly tapering butt armed with 3 large spines and several spiral rows of smaller spines. Thread broken off in all examples seen. 15°3-24°3 X 11°7-18-0 pw (ii) Small oval heteronemes (fig. 4P). Abundant. Undischarged capsules with a central shaft and a thread which appears to be irregularly coiled. A single discharged and rather distorted capsule bore a short, swollen butt and a number of spines. 8-1-8-7 « 6:3 » (iii) Elongate-oval capsules of unknown category (fig. 4Q). Rare. Only discharged capsules seen with no sign of butt or thread. 15:3 X 5:4 ph Remarks. It is felt that form A and form B represent different growth-forms of the same species, form B including younger colonies which have possibly grown more rapidly. Their main claim to distinction is the nature of the hydrophores which are predominantly ‘single’ in form A and ‘double’ in form B, although both types can be found in all colonies. There is no difference in the nematocysts. The ‘double’ hydrophore is in some ways similar to the ‘spines’ which flank the hydranth in S. secunda (Inaba). However, diagrams by Stechow (1909, pl. 4, fig. 7) and Vervoort (1962, figs. 2b, 7) show that the latter are little larger than the area of one mesh of the skeleton, whereas in the present material they approximate to the area of 4 meshes. Carter’s dried type material of Ceratella procumbens was available for com- parison in the British Museum. It includes one specimen from the Cape of Good Hope (reg. no. 1867.3.22.1) and three from Natal (reg. no. 1872.8.1.1). The largest is one of the latter and measures 26-5 cm. in height with a spread HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 447 S Fic. 4. Solanderia procumbens (Carter). A-C. Hydrophores from form A, WCD 158F (A and B single, C bilobed). D. A portion of the older part of the stem in WCD 158F showing spines. E-G. Hydrophores from form B, SCD 154A (F single, E and G double). H. A typical eroded hydrophore from False Bay. J-N. MHydrophores from Carter’s type material (J and K single, L double, M and N eroded). P-S. Nematocysts (P, a small heteroneme. Q, undetermined type. R and S, large stenotele). 448 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM of 11 cm. The main stem is 1-8 cm. wide and 0-6 cm. thick. This is evidently the specimen whose measurements were quoted by Carter in 1873. I select it as the lectotype. In spite of the fact that the type material is battered and obviously beach- worn the resemblance to form A described above is unmistakable. Here too the hydrophores are predominantly single (fig. 4J, K) though bilobed and double ones also occur (fig. 4L). In the older and badly worn parts the hydrophores are eroded so that the supporting ribs project and give a spinous appearance to the margin resembling that in S. fusca (Gray) (fig. 4M, N). S. spinosa (Carter, 1873), is here considered to be a synonym for S. procumbens. The dried holotype of this species from Port Natal is also present in the British Museum (reg. no. 1872.8.1.17). It is less beach-worn than the type material of S. procumbens and this would account for the minor differences said to distinguish the species. Its general appearance is similar to form A described above though most of the hydrophores are of the ‘bilobed’ type. The ‘spines’, which are the main specific character, are present only on the older part of the colony as in the present material, and are comparatively delicate structures which would easily be rubbed off by sand erosion. This would account for their absence in the type material of S. procumbens. Another species which possesses well-developed hydrophores is S. fusca (Gray, 1868), from Australia, described and figured by Spencer (1892). Gray’s type material is present in the British Museum (reg. no. 1884.12.6.15-16; the first of these designated as lectotype by Vervoort (1962: 533). The most obvious characteristic of this species is the nature of the hydrophores which have spiny margins due to the projection of the supporting ribs beyond the edge. That this effect is not in this case the result of wear is evident from the fact that spiny hydrophores are present in the youngest and thinnest branches and, according to Spencer, also in the living animal. S. atrorubens (Gray, 1868), is closely related to S. fusca and possibly a synonym, although Vervoort, 1962, considers that it can be distinguished by its method of growth. An examination of the type material in the British Museum, probably from Australia (of which no. 1962.4.14.1 has since been designated as lectotype by Vervoort, 1962, p. 535), showed that it has the same spiny hydrophores. The fact that hydrophores of S. procumbens may acquire a spiny appearance as the result of erosion has probably led to confusion between this species and S. fusca and S. atrorubens. Marshall’s record of S. atrorubens from Port Natal can be included in the synonymy of S. procumbens as his figures show that the edges of the hydrophores are smooth. Other species recorded from South Africa, including S. labyrinthica (Hyatt, 1877), and S. rugosa Marshall, 1892, and also Brazier’s record (1887) of S. atrorubens are insufficiently described but are possibly all synonyms of S. procumbens. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 449 Family Bougainvilliidae Bimeria vestita Wright, 1859 Fig. 5 A-F Bimeria vestita: Hincks, 1868: 103, pl. 15 (fig. 2). Allman, 1872: 297, pl. 12 (fig. 1-3). Hamond, 1957: 297, figs. 3-4. Leuckartiara vestita forma nana: Vervoort, 1946a: 294. Records. South coast: MB 88L. SAMH 158, 177, 233, 235, 327, 337, 343; 361. SCD 85T, 118M, 347F. Description. Colonies epizootic on other hydroids, and reaching a height of 3-8 mm. Stem upright, bearing from 1 to 6 or 7 alternately arranged hydranth pedicels. Pedicels occasionally rebranching. Perisarc annulated at base of stem, on origin of pedicels and at other irregular intervals, covered throughout with adherent particles. Stem and pedicels narrower at base than at distal end. Perisarc continued over the hydranth, sheathing the tentacles for part of their length and covering the greater part of the hypostome. Tentacles varying in number from about 10 to 16. Gonophores borne on the stem and hydranth pedicels, each on a short annulated pedicel, completely covered by a thick coat of gelatinous perisarc male and female on separate colonies. Male sporosac elongated-oval, with branching spadix. Female sporosac oval to spherical, bearing a single terminal ovum, which develops zm sztu into a planula larva (fig. 5 B—D). Measurements (mm., preserved). Stem, diameter. : : ‘ : . 0:04-0:09 Pseudohydrotheca, length d : : : . 0*21-0°49 diameter . : ; ; l : 1 Of12—0:20 Gonophore, female, length (without perisarc) . . reaching 0-16 diameter . : x : . reaching 0-16 male, length (without perisarc) : . reaching 0°33 diameter . 5 : : . reaching O12 Remarks. These colonies are very similar to those described by Hincks, Allman and Hamond, although they are not so richly branched as some of Allman’s specimens. The size of the hydranths and the thickness of the stem appears to be less than in most descriptions, though it corresponds well with Hamond’s material. The only previous record of this species from southern Africa is that of Vervoort, 1946a, from Inhaca in Portuguese East Africa. Female gonophores are apparently described here for the first time. Bougainvillia macloviana (Lesson, 1836) Perigonimus maclovianus: Vanh6ffen, 1910: 284, fig. 10. Bougainvillia macloviana: Jaderholm, 1923: 3. Millard, 1959): 242, fig. 1 A-C. Vannucci & Rees, 1961: 69. Records. West coast: SB 178D. Description. Colony epizootic on other hydroids. Stems only 2 mm. in 6 450 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM yee | Fic. 5. A-F. Bimeria vestita Wright. A, a typical stem. B—D, stages in the development of the female gonophore (C and D drawn without the perisarcal covering). E, a contracted hydranth. F, a male gonophore. (A-E from SAMH 361, F from SAMH 177). G. Clava sp. Two hydranths sketched from living material (CP 646A). H-J. Merona cornucopiae (Norman) from SCD 119R. H, part of the colony showing hydranths, a single blastostyle and nematothecae. J, three nematothecae on a larger scale. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 451 height, slender, flexuous, branching irregularly, bearing medusa buds, of which the oldest has its tentacles unfurled. Remarks. In its general appearance this colony strongly resembles Vanhéffen’s description of the species and also the material previously described (Millard, 19590). The identification is strongly supported by the discovery of abundant mature medusae of this species from the same area in Saldanha Bay (identification by M. E. Thiel of the Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg). It is interesting also that the two ships on whose hulls this species was recorded in 19596 both came from Saldanha Bay. Bougainvillia sp. Records. West coast: LB 542A. South coast: KNY 165D (reported by Day, Millard and Harrison, 1952, as B.ramosa). SAMH 170, 245. SCD 190A, 281G. TRA 33Z, 150F. Description. Stems slender, upright, weakly fascicled at the base in the larger colonies and branching profusely in a more-or-less alternate fashion. Maximum height 5-3 cm. Larger stems generally smooth, smaller branches wrinkled or corrugated, particularly over the origins. Smaller colonies unfascicled and less profusely branched. Medusa buds with 4 unbranched oral tentacles and 4 marginal bulbs, each with 2 black ocelli and 2 marginal tentacles. Remarks. It is felt that this material could not be assigned to a species with any certainty. The general growth-form is very similar in all the colonies, though some are obviously older than others. Well-developed medusa buds may be present on stems of only 3 mm. in height. The stems are stiffer and more profusely branched than those of B. macloviana, yet not so sturdy as those described as B. ramosa (Millard, 19596) from ships’ hulls. The material might well be included in B. ramosa forma musca Allman, 1864, yet no mature medusae of B. ramosa have so far been recorded from this country, whereas medusae of B. macloviana do occur on the west coast (see above). Dicoryne conferta (Alder, 1856). Eudendrium confertum Alder, 1856: 354, pl. 12 (figs. 5-8) Dicoryne conferta: Allman, 1872: 226, 293, pl. 8. Jaderholm, 1909: 47, pl. 3 (fig. 6). Records. South coast: SCD 133C. Description. A dense colony growing on a gastropod shell occupied by a hermit, reaching a maximum height of 2:5 cm. Hydrorhiza reticulate. Stem unfascicled, branching irregularly, increasing slightly in diameter towards distal end. Perisarc roughly corrugated throughout, but more definitely annulated on origin of stem, terminating below hydranth when the latter is expanded and covering the base of the body as a ‘pseudohydrotheca’ when contracted. Hydranth long, with a single whorl of tentacles near distal end. ‘Blastostyles’ in the form of tentacle-less hydranths borne on stem and 452 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM hydrorhiza. Male gonophores present, borne on lower region of blastostyle either as a tight cluster or distributed along its length. The two tentacles of the swimming sporosac clearly visible within the perisarcal covering of the gonophore. Nematocysts all small, 5-4 x 2-7 ph Remarks. This appears to be the first record of the species from the southern hemisphere. The appearance of the colony is very characteristic and closely resembles that illustrated by Jaderholm in 1909. Rhizorhagium robustum (Warren, 1907) Parawrightia robusta Warren, 1907: 187, pl. 33 (figs. 1-5), figs. 1-4. Records. South coast: L 177. Description. A sterile colony growing on a coralline alga. Most stems bear a single terminal hydranth, but many 2 or 3. In some cases a number of stolons or stems (it is impossible to determine which) are twisted together simulating a fascicled stem which is quite free from the substratum and reaches a maximum height of 17 mm. Perisarc well developed and forming a very distinct ‘pseudohydrotheca’ over the base of the hydranth. Tentacles 18-22. Family Clavidae Clava sp. Fig. 5G. Records. West coast: CP 646A. Description. Colony growing on a stone just below low tide level. Hydrorhiza reticulate, penetrating into calcareous matter on stone, covered with a thin layer of perisarc which forms a very low collar round the base of each hydranth. Hydranths reaching a maximum height of 7 mm., creamy pink in colour when alive, with 22 to 30 scattered filiform tentacles which reach a maximum length of 1 mm. when fully extended. Gonophores absent. Nematocysts of two kinds: (1) Microbasic euryteles, 0-67—0:72 X 0°22 pm. (ii) Desmonemes, 0°45 X 0°32 p Remarks. This species cannot be definitely identified in the absence of gonophores. The trophosome is similar in size and all other characters to C. multicornis (Forskal, 1775), forma genuina Broch, 1916. The sizes of the two categories of nematocyst are also close to those given by Weill, (1934) for C. squamata (= C. multicornis). Merona cornucopiae (Norman, 1864) Fig. 5 H,, J. Merona cornucopiae: Rees, 1956: 499, figs. 1-3. Records. South coast: LIZ 25P. SCD 119R. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 453 Description. Colonies growing on the bivalve Crassatella capensis Lamy. Of the two samples recorded above the first consists of a single bivalve bearing a male colony of about 160 hydranths. The second consists of three bivalves bearing colonies of between 30 and 50 hydranths each, two of these colonies bearing female gonophores. In each case the colony is restricted to one corner of the shell. Hydrorhiza in the form of an open reticulum at the margins of the colony, but consolidated into a mat in the denser regions. Hydranths with 16 to 20 scattered filiform tentacles, surrounded by sturdy perisarcal tubes into which they can be completely retracted. Tubes slender at base, expanding distally, often regenerated. Gonophores borne in clusters on blastostyles which arise separately from hydrorhiza, male and female on separate colonies. Blastostyle surrounded at base by short collar of perisarc. The hydrorhiza of one colony only (SCD 119R, male) bearing numerous minute nematothecae. Nematotheca in the form of an asymmetrical perisarcal funnel borne on a long and slender pedicel. Containing a cluster of large nematocysts. Measurements (mm.) SCDri9gR LIZ 25P Perisarcal tube, height . : : : - 1£-8354-25 2:15 —2°79 maximum diameter : : : : . 0°30-0°38 0:32-0:35 Blastostyle, total height . 4 : . 1:°27-1°41 0:63 Gonophore, length ‘ : : : : . O'17—-0°25 O°1Q—-0°35 maximum diameter : : : : . O°12—-0:20 0-12-0:21 Nematotheca, height ; : ‘ : . 0:03-0:06 maximum diameter : : : : . 0:07-0:09 length of pedicel : : : : . 0°22-0°54. Nematocysts. At least two types present: (1) Microbasic euryteles. Elongated capsules measuring 16-2 X 4°5 u undischarged. Abundant in nematophores, scarce on hydranth tentacles. A single discharged and rather damaged capsule observed. (i1) ?Desmonemes. Ovoid capsules measuring 7:2 X 2°7-3°6 » undis- charged. Abundant on hydranth tentacles, scarce in nematophores. Remarks. This species has so far been reported only from northern seas. It is a new record for South Africa and its presence here is surprising. Even more so is the discovery of nematophores on the hydrorhiza There can be no doubt about the identification of the species thanks to the detailed description of living material by Rees and the characteristic habitat of the animal. The nematophores, when first noticed, were thought to be the hydrothecae of an epizootic species, but the microscope showed that they arose from the same hydrorhiza as the clavid ‘host’, a fact which was convincingly proved when the same nematocysts of identical measurements were found in both. A 454 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM noteworthy point is that nematophores occurred in only one colony (male) out of four which were similar in every way other than sex. Family Eudendriidae Eudendrium annulatum Norman, 1864. Remarks. The only record of this species from South Africa is that of Ritchie (1909) from the entrance to Saldanha Bay, and that a doubtful one. In 1960 the opportunity offered to examine two slides of Ritchie’s material from Saldanha Bay and to compare them with Norman’s preserved type material of E. annulatum. In Ritchie’s material the stem is not so densely annulated as in the usual conception of E. annulatum, although in the type material of the latter smooth areas do occur in some parts of the larger branches. More important is the fact that in Ritchie’s material bifurcating spadices could be distinctly seen on some of the female gonophores, whereas in FE. annulatum the spadices are unbranched (Broch, 1916, p. 62). Ritchie’s record of FE. annula- tum from South Africa should thus be discarded, and the material is provisionally placed in E. carneum (see p. 455). Eudendrium ?capillare Alder, 1856. Eudendrium capillare Alder, 1856: 355, pl. 12 (figs. 9-12). Broch, 1916: 62. Stechow, 19252: 202. Leloup, 1952: 124, fig. 63. Picard, 1955: 183. Eudendrium parvum Warren, 1908: 272, pl. 45 (figs. 1-4), fig. 1. Eudendrium ?parvum: Millard, 1959a: 305, fig. 1G, H. Records. South coast: SCD 154K. SH 433A. Description. SCD 154K: Stems unbranched or sparsely branched. Perisarc annulated at origin of stem and branches and often at other irregular intervals. Old female gonophores present on ‘blastostyles’ which arise from stem or hydrorhiza. Pedicel of blastostyle corrugated, bearing 3-5 gonophores or their empty capsules irregularly distributed near distal end. Gonophores covered by transparent capsule which has a warty appearance possibly due to shrinkage. Soft parts too badly preserved for nematocyst examination or tentacle counts. SH 433A: Living material kept in laboratory for several weeks. Stems unfascicled, but profusely branched and reaching a maximum height of 1-7 cm. Perisarc annulated on origins of stems and branches and at other irregular intervals. Hydranths orange-pink in colour with white tentacles and hypostome; with 23-28 tentacles held alternately elevated and depressed. Various stages of female gonophores present on ‘blastostyles’ which arise from the stem or its branches. Pedicel of blastostyle corrugated. Young blastostyle with fully-formed hydranth and a ring of gonophores around its base; each gonophore with an unbranched spadix arching over a single egg. Older blastostyles with the hydranth showing signs of reduction and the gonophores more irregularly distributed, each gonophore without a spadix and bearing a single embryo surrounded by a transparent capsule. Nematocysts of two types: large isorhizas, 27 X 11-5 4, and small heteronemes, 8 x 2-4 « (undischarged). HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 455 Remarks. Warren’s E. parvum is now considered to be a synonym for the cosmopolitan EF. capillare. This conclusion is based on examination of — (i) material of E. capillare from Marseilles bearing female gonophores and kindly supplied by J. Picard in 1958. (ii) material of E. parvum from Knysna deposited by Warren in the British Museum (slides 22.3.6.104-107). This is obviously not the holotype, which came from Park Rynie, but is labelled co-type. Both male and female gonophores present. Warren in 1908 summarised the differences between the two species. One of these was the presence of 3-chambered male gonophores in E. parvum as against two in F. capillare. But the basal chamber in E. parvum is very small indeed and its development may well be a matter of degree. Moreover, Alder in his original description of E. capillare mentions 2- or 3-chambered gonophores (‘two or three capsules in linear series on each pedicle’). Another difference was the presence of a terminal tubercle on the male gonophore in E. parvum. This appears to be a variable character. It is present in only some of the gonophores in Warren’s material from Knysna, and is apparently present or absent in FE. capillare (Stechow, 19252). Further, Warren mentioned the extension of the perisarc over the base of the hydranth in E. parvum. This perisarc is very delicate and may well have been missed in earlier descriptions of E. capillare. It is visible in Picard’s material of the latter from Marseilles. Although Warren did not describe female gonophores in the holotype of E. parvum, they are present in his material from Knysna and are exactly like those of E. capillare. Finally, the mention of small nematocysts only in E. parvum by Warren, 1908, and Millard, 1959q, is in agreement with Picard’s statement (1955) that only small microbasic euryteles occur in FE. capillare. The presence of both large and small nematocysts in the present material (SH 433A) is the only reason for the query in the identification. One is loath to create a new species on the basis of nematocysts only, but one is forced to the conclusion that either there are two species with exactly similar female gono- phores or that L£. capillare has the potentiality of producing two kinds of nematocysts, which is not always realised. Eudendrium ?carneum Clarke, 1882 ?Eudendrium annulatum: Ritchie, 1909: 70. Eudendrium carneum: Vannucci, 1954: 101, pl. 1 (figs. 1-9), pl. 2 (fig. 8), pl. 4 (figs. 2-5). Millard 1959a: 302, fig. 1A-F. Records. West coast: A 118. CP 336A. Description. Fascicled, branching stems reaching a maximum height of about 5 cm. Colonies more heavily annulated than is usual for the species, the groups of annulations on the main stem more common and more extensive, often with about 15 rings; hydranth pedicels usually completely annulated, 456 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM though some with smooth areas. Hydranths with 15 to 24 tentacles. Young female gonophores with bifurcating spadices. Male gonophores 2-chambered. Nematocysts of two types: large isorhizas, 20 x gp, and small heteronemes, 7 X 4p. Remarks. This material appears to be a smaller and more closely annulated form of E. carneum. The young female gonophores are exactly the same, though completely mature ones with basket-shaped capsules were not present. The male gonophores are 2-chambered, whereas material from the east coast had a minimum of 3 chambers (Millard, 1959a). However, Vannucci (1954) has described 2-chambered male gonophores in the same species. The nematocysts are similar to those of E. carneum, though both types are slightly smaller. The presence of large nematocysts excludes the material from E. racemosum which also has a forked spadix in the female gonophore. This material is very similar to that reported from Saldanha Bay by Ritchie (1909) as E. annulatum(?). Ritchie’s material also has bifurcating spadices. (See also p. 454.) Eudendrium deciduum Millard, 1957 Eudendrium deciduum Millard, 1957: 184, fig. 2. Records. South coast: LIZ 7R. MB 19R, 47N. Description. No large nematocysts have been observed in. this species. Small heteronemes (probably microbasic euryteles) similar to those of E. carneum (Millard, 1959, fig. 1B) present, measuring 6-3-8-1 x 2-7—-3°6 » undischarged. Eudendrium ramosum (Linn., 1758) Eudendrium ramosum: Hincks, 1868: 82, pl. 13. Stechow, 19234: 83. Weill, 1934: 388, fig. 237. Leloup, 1952: 127, fig. 64. Records. West coast: AFR ooo2E. South coast: SCD 37R_ (dubious identification). Description. The first specimen (AFR o002E) has long, graceful stems reaching 17:5 cm. Main stem fascicled, branches unfascicled and given off in a pinnate fashion either in one plane or twisted into a spiral. Female gonophores present, with unbranched spadix. Gonophore-bearing hydranths with reduced tentacles. The second sample (SCD 37R) includes portions of a colony with a more bushy and stiff appearance and with both main stem and principle branches fascicled. Female gonophores present, with unbranched spadix. Nematocysts (from AFR 0002E) (i) Small heteronemes, 7-2 x 2:7 , present on both body and tentacles. (ii) Large isorhizas, 18-0-18-g x 7:2—7-6 » present on body only. Remarks. The first of these specimens agrees well with published descriptions of E. ramosum and there can be little doubt as to the identification. The appear- HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 457 ance and measurements of the two categories of nematocyst in the undischarged state are also close enough to those given for the species by Weill (1934), the small heteronemes probably being microbasic euryteles. The identification of the second specimen is more doubtful due to the different appearance of the colony and the fact that the hydranths were too poorly preserved for nematocyst examination. This is the first record of the species from South Africa. Family Hydractiniidae Hydractinia altispina Millard, 1955 Hydractinia altispina Millard, 1955: 215, fig. 1. Millard, 1957: 179. Records. West coast: B 62, 92 (reported by Millard, 1955). LAM 50W, 59C. LU 59Z. SAMH 407. SB 153T. Hydractinia kaffraria Millard, 1955 Fig. 6 Hydractinia kaffraria Millard, 1955: 217, fig. 2. Millard, 19594: 307. Records. South coast: BMR 23h. BRE 111A. HAM 3Q. KNY g3o0P, 70E, 164, 270J. SUN 3N. (All reported by Millard, 1955.) Remarks on living material. Specimens from Knysna Estuary were kept alive on their host snails for a period of two weeks in the laboratory in January, 1956, when the release of the sexual products from mature sporosacs was observed. The ripe male and female sporosacs have the structure of degenerate medusae, with radial and circular canals and rudimentary marginal tentacles, but the sexual products are discharged while still attached to the gonozooids and there is no active medusoid generation. The male sporosacs when mature are practically spherical and measure approximately 0-65 mm. in length and 0-63 mm. in diameter. The four radial canals are distinctly visible and around the opening are 4-6 rudimentary but distinct marginal tentacles. The cavity is filled with spermatogenic cells attached to the central spadix. While still attached to the gonozooid irregular powerful contractions of the whole bell expel the active spermatozoa through the aperture. A cloud of massed spermatozoa surrounds the sporosac for some time until finally dispersed by the movements of the hydroids and their host. Once the sporosacs are empty they fall off and lie loose on the bottom, but show no further activity. At this stage they are more oval than spherical, the length being greater than the diameter. The mature female sporosacs are larger than the male, measuring approximately 0-90 mm. in length and 0-86 mm. in diameter. Radial canals are visible but the marginal tentacles are very indistinct and not so well developed as in the male. The ripe eggs separate from the spadix and lie loose the cavity of the bell. Fertilization apparently occurs inside the bell, since eggs contain either one or two nuclei immediately after discharge. The area 458 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM Fic. 6. Hydractinia kaffraria Millard. A. A female sporosac in the process of releasing eggs. B. A male sporosac. (Both from living material.) around the aperture of the sporosac performs irregular contractions which constrict the opening, but no complete contractions of the bell have been observed. These may possibly occur sporadically in the natural condition. Under the microscope the pressure of the coverslip is sufficient to squeeze out the eggs one by one, and the final fillip is provided by the contraction of the margin. The diameter of the eggs is greater than that of the aperture, but their elasticity allows them to be ejected with ease. Occasionally the sporosacs fall off the gonozooids before all the eggs are discharged and continue to perform gentle contractions of the margin, though no swimming movements have been observed. Hydrocorella africana Stechow, 1921 Fig. 7 HAydrocorella africana Stechow, 19256: 409. Millard, 1957: 183. Records. West coast: A 405. AFR 801Q. CP 646B. HB 4D. SAMH 408. WCD 12], 25C. South coast: AFR 866R, 967.0.V, 985E, 994M. SCD 114Q, 133B, 175U, 206R. TRA 33.00.D, 42K, 56C, 99E. HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 459 Description. Common on shells of gastropods and hermits. Has been observed on Turbo sarmaticus Linn., Argobuccinum argus (Gmelin), Fusus verruculatus Lam., Nassa speciosa A. Adams, and on shells occupied by the hermits Clibanarius sp., Pagurus arrosor (Herbst), Dzogenes costatus Hend. and Eupagurus placens Stebb. Skeleton as described by Stechow (19255) with two grades of calcareous ridged processes; the larger 5 mm. or more in height and covered with naked coenosarc bearing gastrozooids and gonozooids; the smaller about 0-5-1 mm. in height, scattered amongst the hydranths. Young colonies with smaller processes only. Living gastrozooids reaching 3 mm. in length when extended, with 5-12 extensile tentacles, of which 1 or 2 are usually much longer than the others. Gonozooids reduced, reaching about 0-5 mm. in length in living material, with about 6 rudimentary, knob-like tentacles, and each bearing 3 or 4 spherical sporosacs in various stages of development. Male and female sporosacs on separate colonies. Male sporosacs bearing the spermatogenic cells around a central, hollow spadix, reaching 0-33 mm. in length and 0-33 mm. in maximum diameter. Female sporosacs containing a single central egg surrounded by a number of blind, hollow outgrowths from the basal spadix, reaching 0-36 mm. in length and 0-56 mm. in maximum diameter. Developing gonozooid often enclosed by curved laminar outgrowths of the skeleton, which form a sort of basket-work imprisoning it. Colour: skeleton and spines white, hydranths creamy white, female sporosacs orange. Nematocysts of two kinds: microbasic euryteles, 0:72 Aas maximum diameter : ; : : a . 0709-015 Hydrotheca, length : : : ‘ : ; . 0°25-0°38 diameter at margin . 4 : : ; , ‘ . 0°22-0°42 length/diameter : : : : . 0°70-1°36 Gonotheca, length . ; : ; . 0°73-1:26 maximum diameter ; : : : : ; . 0°28-0°45 Remarks. This material agrees entirely with Leloup’s description of Laomedea hummelincki from the West Indies, except that these pedicels are somewhat longer and stouter. The nature of the diaphragm and the presence of medusa buds in the gonotheca (observed here for the first time) shows the species to be a Clytza. This is only the second record of this rare species, and a new record for South Africa. Clytia paulensis (Vanhoffen, 1910) Fig. 15 Campanularia paulensis Vanhoffen, 1910: 298, fig. 19 a, b. Clytia paulensis: Stechow, 1919: 45, 155. Stechow, 1923a: 110, fig. N. Stechow, 1925): 428, fig. 7. Stechow, 1925a: 211. ?Clytia ulvae Stechow, 1919: 47, fig. N. Stechow, 1925): 428. Records. South coast: LIZ 11M. SAMH 336. SCD 70N, 154G, 258W, 276U, 333D, 387M. TRA 38K. Description. Several colonies growing on the stems of other hydroids. Stem unbranched, or giving rise to 1 or 2 secondary pedicels in a sympodial manner, closely annulated at base, in distal region and at irregular intervals between. Hydrotheca very thin and fragile, with 7-10 double marginal teeth. Margin bowed out between teeth giving an undulating outline in end-on view and sometimes the effect of longitudinal striations in the upper part of the hydrotheca. Depth of hydrotheca 13 to 3} times diameter at margin. Gonotheca as described by Stechow: smooth and fragile, with annulated pedicel and truncated distal end, containing 1-3 medusa buds. 482 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM el Q Fic. 15. Clytia paulensis (Vanhoffen). 2 A-E and J. Hydrothecae. F. Gonotheca. Gand H. MHydrothecae drawn from Stechow’s slide of Clytia ulvae from Marseilles, 1910. Measurements (mm.) SAMH TRA SCD SCD SCD —_ Chytia ulvae 336 38K 258W 333D 154G (Marseilles) Pedicel length : - 0°57-I'14 0°48-1-°82 0:52-0:94 O-QI-I-13 0:85-1:00 0-22—0-90 maximum diameter 0:04-0:06 0:04-0:06 0:04-0:05 0°045-0°05 0°035 0°03—0:035 Hydrotheca, length . 0°35-0°58 0:41-0:72 0:45-0°69 0:53-0:68 0:42-0:50 0°35-0°44 diameter at margin. 0°16-0°33 0:19-0:31 0°15-0:28 0:21-0:25 0°15-0°16 0-12-0-14 length/diameter . 1-76-2:47 1:90-2:68 2:17-3:07 2:20-3:10 2-80-3°13 2°71—3:23 Gonotheca, length : -- 0-715 0:66-1:00 — = = maximum diameter — 0°385 0-30—0°36 — = == HYDROZOA OF THE SOUTH AND WEST COASTS OF SOUTH AFRICA 483 Remarks. Measurements taken from different localities show that the size and proportions of the hydrotheca are very variable. Vanhdffen’s material from the Antarctic is well within range, while some of Stechow’s material from South Africa (19256) and Australia (1925a) is a little smaller, though the proportions are similar. It is highly probable that Clytza ulvae Stechow, 1919, is a synonym for C. paulensis. I have been able to examine a prepared slide of Stechow’s material of C. ulvae from Marseilles kindly loaned by the Munich Museum and find that the marginal teeth are in fact double (fig. 15G, H), though the bays between members of a pair are almost as large as those between pairs. However, the depth of the former bays is variable within a single colony of C. paulensis so that the small teeth may be # to 3 the size of the large double teeth. I have included measurements of Stechow’s material (taken by myself) for comparison. These show that the hydrothecae are slightly narrower and the proportion of length/diameter in consequence slightly greater, though the material might well fit near the end of a series of changing proportions arranged as above. Obelia dichotoma (Linn., 1758) Obelia dichotoma: Millard, 1952: 420, 426, 433, fig. 3. Millard, 1957: 198. Millard, 1958: 174. Millard, 1959): 250. Obelia dubia: Vanhoffen, 1910: 307, fig. 27. Nutting, 1915: 77, pl. 19 (fig. 1). Stechow, 1925): 435. Fraser, 1937: 86, pl. 17 (fig. 87). Campanularia obtusidens Jaderholm, 1904: 2, pl. 1 (fig. 1). Records. West coast: CP 378. LAM 46P. LB 378F. OLF 21C. SAMH 404, 405. TB 8. South coast: KNY 165C (recorded by Day, Millard and Harrison, 1952). LIZ 2G, 11J. MB 37D, 81V. SAMH 147, 160, 223, 338, 342. SCD 112G, 258V, 281D, 312C. TRA 38L, 42W. Remarks. Obelia dubia is considered to be a synonym for O. dichotoma. The South African material shows all grades of hydrothecal types from the typical O. dichotoma form where the marginal teeth are usually not distinct to that of O. dubia as illustrated by Jaderholm (1904) and Vanh6ffen (1910), where there are distinct marginal teeth and indications of longitudinal striations. It is impossible to draw a dividing line between them. The hydrothecal pedicel is extremely variable in length and the diaphragm may be straight or oblique within the same colony. The gonothecae of O. dubia were illustrated by Fraser (1937) and are said to be ‘almost smooth, or provided with broad, shallow undulations’. In the South African material the gonothecae are usually smooth, but examples are also present (with the typical dichotoma hydrothecae) where the gonothecae are corrugated, approaching very closely the type illustrated by Fraser. Obelia geniculata (Linn., 1758) Obelia geniculata: Millard, 1957: 198. Millard, 1959: 250. Records. West coast: A 383 (reported by Bright, 1938). CP 325. LAM 24H. LB 127, 314G, 371B. PP 1V. SAMH 357. SB 168G, 235J. TB 6A. TRA 86P. WCD 81G. South coast: TRA 42V. 484 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM SUMMARY A total of 43 species of hydroids is recorded, including 25 Gymnoblasts and 18 Calyptoblasts. Of these 5 are new species, namely Monocoryne minor, Myriothela tentaculata, Bicorona elegans, Aequorea africana and Campanularia laminacarpa, and 8 are new records for the Republic of South Africa. The new genus Bicorona is established for a Corynid species with 2 whorls of tentacles and fixed sporosacs. The status of the Campanularian genus Clyiza is discussed and a type species selected. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Trustees of the South African Museum acknowledge gratefully the receipt of grants from the University of Cape Town and from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research towards the cost of publication. The author wishes to acknowledge the receipt of a grant from the Fourcade Bequest of the University of Cape Town for the purchase of a microscope. REFERENCES ALDER, J. 1856. A notice of some new genera and species of British hydroid zoophytes. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (2) 18: 353-362. ALLMAN, G. J. 1864. On the construction and limitation of genera among the Hydroida. Ann. 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On Parawrightia robusta gen. et sp. nov., a hydroid from the Natal coast; and also an account of a supposed schizophyte occurring in the gonophores. Ann. Natal Mus. 1: 187-208. Warren, E. 1908. On a collection of hydroids, mostly from the Natal coast. Ann. Natal Mus. 1: 269-355. WEILL, R. 1934. Contribution a l’étude des Cnidaires et de leurs nématocystes. I. Recherches sur les nématocystes. II. Valeur taxonomique du cnidome. Trav. Sta. zool. Wimereux 10: 1-347; IX: 349-701. Ann. S. Afr. Mus., Vol. XLVIII Plate 1 Solanderia procumbens (Carter). A. Whole colony of form A on left (WCD 158F) and form B on right (WCD 158E). B. Details of the skeleton in form A (WCD 158F). An old stem shown on left with reticulate meshwork, and a younger stem on right with more marked longitudinal trabeculae and many hydrophores. (Photos: Dr. G. 7. Broekhuysen) INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS MANUSCRIPTS In duplicate (one set of illustrations), type-written, double spaced with good margins, including TABLE OF CONTENTs and Summary. Position of text-figures and tables must be indicated. ILLUSTRATIONS So proportioned that when reduced they will occupy not more than 43 in. x 7 in. (73 in. including the caption). A scale (metric) must appear with all photographs. REFERENCES Authors’ names and dates of publication given in text; full references at end of paper in alphabetical order of authors’ names (Harvard system). References at end of paper must be given in this order: Name of author, in capitals, followed by initials; names of joint authors connected by &, not ‘and’. Year of publication; several papers by the same author in one year designated by suffixes a, b, etc. Full title of paper; initial capital letters only for first word and for proper names (except in German). Title of journal, abbreviated according to World list of scientific periodicals and underlined (italics). Series number, if any, in parenthesis, e.g. (3), (n.s.), (B.). Volume number in arabic numerals (without prefix ‘vol.’), with wavy underlining (bold type). Part number, only if separate parts of one volume are independently numbered. Page numbers) first and last, preceded by a colon (without prefix ‘p’). Thus: SmirH, A. B. 1956. New Plonia species from South Africa. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 9: 937-945. When reference is made to a separate book, give in this order: Author’s name; his initials; date of publication; title, underlined; edition, if any; volume number, if any, in arabic numerals, with wavy underlining; place of publication; name of publisher. Thus: Brown, X. Y. 1953. Marine faunas. 2nd ed. 2. London: Green. When reference is made to a paper forming a distinct part of another book, give: Name of author of paper, his initials; date of publication; title of paper; ‘In’, underlined; name of author of book; his initials; title of book, underlined; edition, if any; volume number, if any, in arabic numerals, with wavy underlining; pagination of paper; place of publication; name of publisher. Thus: SmitH, C. D. 1954. South African Plonias. Jn Brown, X. Y. Marine faunas. and ed. 3: 63-95. London: Green. SYNONYMY Arranged according to chronology of names. Published scientific names by which a species has been previously designated (subsequent to 1758) are listed in chronological order, with abbreviated bibliographic references to descriptions or citations following in chronological order after each name. Full references must be given at the end of the paper. Articles and recommendations of the International code of zoological nomenclature adopted by the XV International congress of zoology, London, July 1958, are to be observed (particularly articles 22 and 51). Examples: Plonia capensis Smith, 1954: 86, pl. 27, fig. 3. Green, 1955: 23, fig. 2. When transferred to another genus: Euplonia capensis (Smith) Brown, 1955: 259. When misidentified as another species: Plonia natalensis (non West), Jones, 1956: 18. When another species has been called by the same name: [non] Plonia capensis: Jones, 1957: 27 (= natalensis West). SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES I 3 9088 01206 5975